The second arrow of time.

We know that time travels in one direction. That direction is forward from the point where time began. We know that time began with the event called The Big Bang. The universe's expansion causes the quantum fields to turn weaker, and the pressure against material decreases. We can compare quantum fields with water or gas and say that the quantum fields are like pressure. 

This is the thing that makes energy move in the universe. We can use the universe's energy level to determine time. The Big Bang released all known energy and material to the spacetime. We don't know when dark energy and material are released. But when the energy in the universe ends. That means time ends. The universe's expansion means that pressure or energy level in the universe decreases. 

That means the distance between particles increases, and that causes situations in interactions between particles to become weaker. The universe is like a balloon in a vacuum. The pressure in that balloon decreases. In a universe, that means the material turns into wave movement faster and that thing causes interaction where the weight of particles turns lighter. When the space expands energy level and gravitational interaction decrease.

The information is like smoke that comes out from a chimney. Entropy is like the wind that destroys the smoke's formation. The smoke seems to vanish, But its particles exist. 

Time ends when the universe reaches the same energy level as its environment. In that case, there is no material left. And only wave movement remains. 

When the universe was born. All wave movement traveled radially out from that point. Extremely high energy levels and one-directional wave movement caused that there was no space for entropy. The universe's expansion causes the material and energy to turn "thinner". That thing denies the possibility that the information can reflect back from the future. 

The thing that denies that information can keep its form is entropy. In the laws of thermodynamics, the entropy grows in the system. In the first moments in the universe, there was no space. And everything was in order. But when the energy level decreases when the universe grows, there forms space between superstrings that traveled away from the point of the Big Bang. 

That caused the situation that the superstrings started to curve which can form the impacts between those superstrings. This formed the Schwinger effect that turned some superstrings into ball-shaped structures called particles. 

Energy always travels from the higher- energy level to the lower energy level. That means if time is energy, it travels out from the Big Bang. We can introduce time as the river that travels to the level where it melts together with wave movement that is outside the material and energy bubble that we call the universe. 

Maybe somewhere is forming a second-time arrow that travels back in time. The requirement is that there is a very high energy point in our spacetime. That point can create a reflection that sends information back to the past. In black holes, gravity affects that escaping velocity is higher than the speed of light. That can turn the time arrow black to the past. 

Can we restore information that comes from the black hole? That depends on one thing. The black hole is an extremely thick structure. In a black hole spacetime. And energy is together, or at least they are close to each other. If the entropy is very low in the black hole. The outcoming energy and the black hole's structure mean that there is very limited space. The high energy level can send information back in time. 

The problem is that the information must keep its energy level high enough when it travels through entropy. We can describe information as smoke, and entropy is like wind. 

When smoke travels out from the chimney, that entropy causes disturbance that destroys the smoke formation. That turbulence is the thing that causes situations where smoke or information can seem to disappear. 

The smoke particles exist after the smoke is gone out of sight. Information is an entirety. And, of course, it is possible. That we can find the information particles. 

Then, we must connect those particles into one entirety that forms the information that we want to restore. In that process, we must find lots of particles and separate them from the other particles that are members of other entireties. So we must keep information in its form if we want to send it back in time. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/two-arrows-of-time-dont-match/

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-are-unraveling-the-mystery-of-the-arrow-of-time/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arrow_of_time

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

The new and effective AI uses virtual neurons to improve its power.

"A new model developed by Flatiron Institute researchers proposes that biological neurons have more control over their surroundings than previously thought, something that could be replicated in the artificial neural networks used in machine learning." (ScitechDaily, Supercharging AI With New Computational Model of Real Neurons)

The virtual neuron is a group of databases that are linked together. The databases are connected like neurons in human brains. And the routers between those databases make them interact together like neurons.

Those routers and wires that play axons can be real or virtual systems.  The physical system means that databases are in different hard disks, and the routers connect them to the entirety. Virtual routers are computer programs that drive information between databases. 

If the system can morph the routes, that the information uses, that denies the computer stuck. In those intelligent systems, the routers, processors, and gates communicate with each other, forming the virtual neural network. And if there is some kind of problem. The system can choose another route for the information. 

If there is more than only one processor in the system, the system can let the busy processor handle the problem. And route the next problem to other processors. The intelligent operating system can take complex problems to store if there are some busy things to do. And when it is completed the more urgent problem can return to that previous problem.  

Image 2

The ability to remove problems from the memory and store them makes it possible to use the same computer for multiple tasks. The system can operate as human control in the daytime. When people are off the office, the system can handle complex problems. The ability to save data means that the system can stop some process and return to it later, without fear that the data is lost. 

The virtual routers can operated by two or multi-layer AI-based systems. AI-based operating systems can make it possible to control complicated virtual database-based neural networks. AI-driven systems can also drive virtual quantum computers. In those systems, the computer selects multiple (as an example ten) data lines. Each of those data lines is an individual state of the virtual qubit. This kind of virtual system can put data travel in lines. 

The best way to make that system is to use ten microprocessors. Then the system shares the data flow for each processor. That system makes it possible to improve the data handling capacity. Image 2 can portray a model of the virtual quantum computer that bases the neural network. If that system uses binary-sub architecture each ball is the microprocessor. The system sends data to the network, which cuts it into pieces. The system uses TCP/IP protocol and when it puts the serial number to each data segment, it can collect data back together. 

The virtual neurons can make the systems more effective than they have ever been before. The virtual neurons require complicated programming algorithms. Handling those systems requires intelligent operating systems and intelligent complicated operating systems require powerful computers.

https://scitechdaily.com/supercharging-ai-with-new-computational-model-of-real-neurons/

The string theory offers a new way to calculate Pi.

"Scientists discovered a new series for pi through string theory research, echoing a 15th-century formula by Madhava. By combining Euler-Beta Functions and Feynman Diagrams, they modeled particle interactions efficiently. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, String Theory Unravels New Pi Formula: A Quantum Leap in Mathematics)

People normally think that. The pi is the ratio of the circumference circle's circumference to the circle's diameter. The Pi is a mathematical constant 3.14159..., the endless decimal number. The Pi is interesting because developers can use that decimal number to make the encryption algorithms stronger. 

The idea is that the encryptions program hides the message's original ASCII numbers by multiplicating those numbers with some decimal number. Or the system can add some numbers to those ASCII numbers. 

"Aninda Sinha (left) and Arnab Saha (right). Credit: Manu Y" (ScitechDaily, String Theory Unravels New Pi Formula: A Quantum Leap in Mathematics)

The use of the Pi in cryptology. Is a new tool to make deeper encryption solutions. 

Before it starts the encryption process. And the Pi is suitable for that thing because it's an endless or irrational decimal number. And its mathematical constant. That means the system requires only the knowledge, of how many numbers from Pi the system uses in the precryption process. Then the system starts to use primary numbers. 

But in computers, researchers turned circles into squares. That thing makes it possible to calculate the precise area for circles. That is suitable for computer screens. The problem is that we cannot turn circles into squares. 

The distance from the focus point can be introduced as internal circles. Those internal circles help to introduce a distance between particles. And distance from the middle of the particle. The system can use energy symmetry to model things like a particle's structure. 

When particle physicists make calculations with the particle interactions, they require precise values. They require exact information about the dimensions and circles. The systems calculate the distances from the center of the particles using a model of internal circles. 

The system uses those circles to model the strength and symmetry of the forces. We still cannot calculate precise areas of the circles or sectors. However new tools like AI can give new accuracy to well-known mathematical calculations. 

https://scitechdaily.com/string-theory-unravels-new-pi-formula-a-quantum-leap-in-mathematics/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi

The misuse of the AI is one of the biggest threats.

"Leading AI scientists have issued a call for urgent action from global leaders, criticizing the lack of progress since the last AI Safety Summit. They propose stringent policies to govern AI development and prevent its misuse, emphasizing the potential for AI to exceed human capabilities and pose severe risks. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Leading AI Scientists Warn of Unleashing Risks Beyond Human Control)

When we think about small, limited AIs that can used for commercial use, we sometimes forget, that those limited AIs can act as modules in large-scale AI. That means. Hostile actors can even steal things like Chat GPT and the Copilot AIs by making large groups of limited AIs. In those cases, the hostile actors interconnect those limited AIs under one entirety. 

AI is a tool that can generate many good things. But the same tool can create many bad things. AI-based image recognition is one of the tools. That can track terrorists. The same tool can also used to track protesters in non-democratic countries. The AI can also used to create computer viruses and surveillance tools. 

Those tools are good or bad, depending on how people use them. The user of the AI determines if is it good or bad. AI is an excellent tool for material research. Those materials are the tools that can used to create new stealth fighters and other kinds of things. And you can think what those things are in the wrong hands. 

The AI that controls cyber attacks is a tool that is quite hard for defenders. The AI can control computer groups. The AI  can change the attacking computer. That changes the attacking IP address all the time. That makes it difficult for defenders to block attacks denying the query. That comes from a certain IP. 

The attackers can use AI-controlled virtual actors to cheat people. The dead bots can also used to imitate people. Those things are the ultimate tools for phishing campaigns. 

The AI can make many things into the reality. And the AI-based systems can hack human brains. Things like Neuralink implants are made for good. They are meant to help people who have no hope. 

Those neuro-implants can someday control the exoskeletons or wearable robots that can carry paralyzed patients. The Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) is a tool that can control computers using EEG waves. Those systems can offer new ways to interact with robots. But if some hackers can break the BCI system, that can cause a terrible situation. 

But in the wrong hands that technology is devastating. The neuro-implanted microchips can control the entire person or some animals. So in the wrong hands, those things can open frightening scenarios in our minds. The AI can decode EEG. And that gives a chance to see what people think. This is one of the biggest data security problems with the BCI systems. 

https://scitechdaily.com/leading-ai-scientists-warn-of-unleashing-risks-beyond-human-control/

Metamaterials and AI-driven processes have no limits in material research.

"ChemCrow revolutionizes chemical research by integrating advanced AI with specialized tools, enabling efficient synthesis planning and execution. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, ChemCrow: The Next Frontier in AI-Driven Chemical Synthesis)

New metamaterials can make reflection-free surfaces. And they can also make new nanorobots possible. The waving materials can deny the soundwave. Maybe electromagnetic reflection from the surface. The waving movement makes it possible to create surfaces that pull all pressure or soundwaves into them. 

The waving metamaterial can also make new ultra-accurate loudspeakers possible. The new molecular machines require some systems, that make them move in the right direction. The new metamaterials can also oscillate and create nanobubbles in the right locations. That can close blood vessels and destroy tumor cells. 

Those waving structures can also used in swimming nanomachines that move like snakes or eels. That material can also make a stretch or wave on the miniature robot's shell. And that stretch can push water back moving the miniature robot forward. 

New optical metamaterials can control light with a very high accuracy. In some models, the optical metamaterial has two 2D atom layers. Then the structure drives photons and electromagnetic radiation between those layers. There could be a structure that puts electromagnetic radiation jump between those layers. 

"Artist impression of the bosonic Kitaev chain: multiple mechanical string resonators are linked to form a chain using light. Mechanical vibrations (sound waves) are transported and amplified along the chain. Credit: Ella Maru Studio" (ScitechDaily, Unprecedented Sound Waves – New Metamaterial Redefines Wave Amplification)

Then electromagnetic radiation delivers its energy slower than normally in that material. Quantum metamaterials can be tools, that make surfaces invisible to the radar and even the human eye. The metamaterial can conduct light into one point, which means it doesn't send reflection in all directions. If the system can control the direction of the reflection, it can make an object invisible to people who are not standing on the side where the reflecting photons travel. 

Optical anisotropy enhanced by Ti a–b plane displacements. Credit: Advanced Materials (2024). DOI: 10.1002/adma.202311559 (Phys.org, Materials scientists reveal pathway for designing optical materials with specialized properties)

The new metamaterial bases the little or controlled disorder in the system. If the particles in metamaterials move all the time. The idea is that. The light could push particles. And moving atoms pull photon's energy in them. The material could transform electromagnetic energy into kinetic energy. In that thing can form controlled "dust" that denies the reflection. The dust or active particles can be between 2D atomic structures. And that could make the layer invisible. 

Developers can also use two-layer metamaterials for next-generation ion technology.  The system can make new very highly accurate ion engines possible. The system can create two-layer structures, and ions travel between those structures. 

Researchers can use this ion-based technology to create a new type of very long molecule chains. The same system can act as a fundamental engine system for aircraft that don't have visible exhaust tubes. 

The metamaterials can also act as a tool that makes it possible to create new types of artificial molecular structures. The next-generation AI-driven chemical synthesis will revolutionize technology. There is no limit to the length of the peptide molecules. 

Developers can use these very long molecular chains to create a nano canvas, there as example, a submarine is covered using fibers or peptide molecules that cover the entire hull using molecules whose length is the same as a submarine. In that structure are no cuts. The entirety continues as one piece over the structure. 

When very long molecules slip into the cell, they can pull open. And that breaks the cell's shell. The other way is that the lasso-looking molecule starts to rotate or oscillate when the soundwave hits it. And that thing forms nanobubbles in the cell. The system must only drive those molecules into the right cells. 

The AI-controlled chemical synthesis can create a large number of complex molecules, that the AI can drive using acoustic or magnetic systems at the right point. The long molecules can act as universal medicines. 

https://phys.org/news/2024-05-materials-scientists-reveal-pathway-optical.html

https://scitechdaily.com/chemcrow-the-next-frontier-in-ai-driven-chemical-synthesis/

https://scitechdaily.com/unprecedented-sound-waves-new-metamaterial-redefines-wave-amplification/

The new way to detect dark matter

"Physicists at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory are exploring a new method to detect dark matter using quantum devices, focusing on a lesser-known form called thermalized dark matter. Their approach involves utilizing quantum sensors, traditionally disrupted by unexplained energy intrusions, to potentially detect dark matter’s subtle energy impacts. This innovative research leverages the unique capabilities of quantum technology to potentially solve the long-standing mystery of dark matter detection. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Propose New Way To Search for Dark Matter)

Do dark matter particles impact material so often that sensors don't separate individual impacts? If the dark matter energy level is lower than the material. The impact is hard to detect. If the particle's energy form is different from what researchers think it's hard to detect. It's possible. That the particle travels slowly in space. 

But it spins very fast the particle can tunnel itself through material. If there is a radiation stylus at its poles or around its spin axle, that thing can make particles act like a drill that can push other particles away from its route without transmitting any energy in it. Dark matter may transport so small an energy impact into other particles that sensors cannot detect that interaction. 

The new idea to detect dark matter is based the AI and super cold aluminium. The idea is that the dark matter impacts with super cold aluminum, and the AI detects changes in that object's energy level. Dark matter interacts with gravity. 

So Earth should pack those, still theoretical, darl matter particles called weakly interacting massive particles (WIMP) around it. The WIMP particles that orbit Earth should be less energetic than interstellar or intergalactic WIMPs. 

Does the WIMP interaction happen so often that the detector cannot separate the individual particles? In that case, very often impacting dark matter particles causes a model that the impacts are the base energy level of material because constantly impacting WIMPs send radiation so often, that the sensor sees them as a base energy field or level. 

But if the aluminum detector's temperature is as near zero kelvin as possible, those impacts should raise the aluminum's energy level. When the system's temperature is as near as absolute zero as possible, it is in a stable quantum state. The impacting WIMPs should disturb that state, but the problem is that the object cannot reach absolute zero in nature. The system requires massive coolers, and another problem is that the neutrinos and other known particles can cover WIMP interaction. 

The dark matter around Earth should be in the form called: thermalized dark matter. The speed of thermalized dark matter should be slower than galactic dark matter. Thermalized dark matter means dark matter that is trapped in and around Earth. 

"(Left) The new dark matter detection proposal looks for frequent interactions between nuclei in a detector and low-energy dark matter that may be present in and around Earth. (Right) A conventional direct detection experiment looks for occasional recoils from dark matter scattering. Credit: Anirban Das, Noah Kurinsky and Rebecca Leane" (Phys.org, Physicists propose new way to search for dark matter: Small-scale solution could be key to solving large-scale mystery)

One of the reasons why systems cannot detect dark matter is that there is a lot of dark matter in the universe. In that model, the WIMP interaction is weak, and it could happen too often that the particle detectors cannot separate those impacts. If the particle's temperature is almost absolute zero drum the aluminum too often that the sensor might not separate those impacts. Same way if the WIMP temperature is one or two kelvin and the sensor's temperature is higher it might not see WIMP. 

There is the possibility that the WIMP spins very fast. And the quantum field around that particle is very large. The WIMP can be flat because its spin is very fast. That structure can tunnel itself through the material. In that model, the visible material's energy level is higher than dark matter. 

If dark matter is a very low-energy particle that travels very slowly, dark matter impact may cause very weak interaction. If the spin of those WIMP particles is high enough, it could make it possible for WIMP. That it can tunnel itself through other particles or material. That means the WIMP can be some kind of quark. The fast spin can cause an effect That WIMP  transfers minimal energy to other particles. 

https://phys.org/news/2024-03-physicists-dark-small-scale-solution.html

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-propose-new-way-to-search-for-dark-matter/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0370269321003622

Can the universe be reborn even if it's open?

When the universe turns old and cold it returns to a stable and well-ordered system. In well-ordered systems, the butterfly flap can form a hurricane. The idea of the model where the universe can born again is that there forms some kind of whirl in that extremely low-energy and well-ordered universe. 

Some cosmic explosions can form a whirl that force will grow and grow. In the modern universe. The disturbance or outcoming energy destroys the whirl. The black holes are like clouds. And they form networks. When a black hole vaporizes, it sends impacting gravitational waves. And because there are many black holes in the 3D structure. They form a network of impacting gravitational waves. 

But in the old universe where there are no stars is possible that outside energy cannot push or break the whirl that harvests more and more superstrings in it. The only energy is gravitational waves. And photon bursts from kilonovas and vaporize black holes. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space." (Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

Only the spherical universe is closed, and the closed universe can form a big crunch. And material reborn requires a big crunch. But if we think about the possibility that an open universe can be reborn or from a new universe depends on the distance between those black holes. 

In most theories the universe is open. And its ultimate end will be the great silence. In that model, the universe turns into the radiation or superstrings that continue their journey. The thing that formed the universe and material was the disturbance in some kind of quantum field. That disturbance formed a situation where wave movement turned to material and material reached a certain energy level. 

In that model material is one form of energy or wave movement. When we say that the universe is a silent and cold place when the final stars are gone. We can also say that the universe turns into a very stable form. The disturbance between neutron stars and black holes is minimal. 

And things like gravitational fields interact far longer distances than they interact in this universe. There are also very bright explosions when neutron stars collide with each other and black holes. In stable systems, all energy bursts interact at enormous distances. And there is no disturbance in the old universe. 

The black holes are like quantum dots in the universe. They can take superposition and entanglement or they can start to travel around. The vaporization releases photons to the cold quantum field. And traveling gravity waves impact each other. Those gravity waves can form structures called standing gravity waves. They are like electric arcs, but the former are gravity waves, and then those gravity waves send reflections that can form the disturbance. 

Finally, the entire universe is full of gravity centers. That can form the Kugelblitz black holes. The theoretical Kugelblitz black holes form straight from wave movement. In a cold, and stable, well-ordered universe the Kugelblitz black holes can form quite easily. 

In a cold universe, outcoming energy cannot break those gravitational whirls as easily as it breaks those whirls in the modern universe. That radiation has no force to break those whirls. The network of vaporizing black holes creates those impacting waves that can form new particles. 

And that thing makes it possible. The black holes can start to grow into one place. Sooner or later, that black hole will vaporize. And maybe it can form another universe.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe