What makes the fusion system fail again and again?

"As scientists push toward the first commercial fusion power plant, researchers from the University of Surrey have achieved a major breakthrough in understanding how welded metal joints behave under the intense heat and stress found inside fusion reactors. Their novel microscopic technique reveals internal weaknesses that could compromise safety and longevity, paving the way for smarter designs, more resilient materials, and faster development of clean fusion energy systems. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Fusion Breakthrough: Engineers Uncover Hidden Reactor Weaknesses)

What makes the fusion system fail again and again? Fusion is a well-known way to create clean energy. Stars use fusion. And we know that in the same way, we must only mimic stars to make the fusion reactor that produces more energy than we pump into it. But somehow, the high-temperature plasma is the thing. That is a problem. 

The plasma is a homogenous ionized gas that the magnetic systems push together and then laser systems just shoot those ions together. In the fusion system on Earth, the system must compensate for pressure by rising temperature. The magnets must keep the plasma ring away from the walls of the reactor. If that high-energy plasma touches the reactor's wall it makes a hole in it immediately. 

By using symmetry theory instead of the slower and less reliable conventional methods, researchers have created a shortcut that enables the design of leak-proof magnetic systems 10 times faster.

There are mainly two types of fusion reactors. 

A) Tokamak-type reactors. There a plasma ring orbits in the donut-shaped accelerator. Magnets keep the plasma away from the walls.

B) The ball-shaped reactors like the National Ignition Facility. Those systems mimic stars. 

"Researchers cracked a 70-year-old fusion problem, allowing faster, more accurate reactor designs that could finally make fusion energy viable. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack 70-Year Fusion Puzzle, Paving Way for Clean Energy)

Scientists have developed a powerful new technique to overcome a major obstacle in nuclear fusion energy: the ability to accurately contain high-energy particles within fusion reactors." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack 70-Year Fusion Puzzle, Paving Way for Clean Energy)

The main problem with fusion is the ignition. When fusion starts that flash breaks the plasma. The answer can be symmetrical ignition where laser-accelerated ions will shoot to anion plasma. Or oppositely if the main plasma structure is ion the system sprays anions. The ignition must happen symmetrically at the shell of the plasma. 

And there must be some kind of thermal pump that denies the standing wave from the plasma structure. If we think that the system that we use for energy production is the Tokamak the system can mimic a neutron star or black hole. The plasma ring orbits the magnet and then anions will spay over the ion ring. The energy or particle beam makes energy travel to the middle of the system. And it denies the standing wave formation. By transporting it in the wanted direction. 

The image portrays a black hole and its material disk. But it also could be the model of how plasma orbits the magnetic center in the Tokamak reactor. 

The system might look a little bit like this. The laser-, or, particle beam, or thermal pump transports energy out from the system precisely into the desired direction. The system sends an anion spray over the ion plasma ring. 

When a fusion reactor ignites plasma sends so much energy that magnets cannot control it. So, if we want to know why stars don't detonate when the fusion starts that thing can open the road to the fusion reactors. Stars are also plasma balls. There is something that presses them together when the fusion starts. That thing is gravity, but how can we make the thing, that replaces gravity center on Earth? 

The answer can be the energy transporter the cooler that makes the low-energy point in the middle of the fusion reactor. That makes energy flow to the middle of the system. If the system is a ball-shaped fusion reactor the system can create an anion plasma ball. And then shoot that plasma ball symmetrically using high-energy ions or anions.  

That thing can cause a situation in the fusion reaction that starts at the plasma ball shell. There can be a laser beam. That transports energy out from the center of that plasma ball. That laser or particle beam denies the standing waves from the plasma. But the problem is how to make that thing in Tokamak.

 One version is to make a system that mimics neutron stars and black holes. The plasma ring orbits an extremely strong magnet. Then the system sends the ion or anion spray to that plasma ring. That allows the system to ignite plasma at the outer side of the plasma ring. The ignition must begin symmetrically at the plasma ring. The energy (or particle) beam in the middle of the system, helps to aim the energy flow to the middle of the Tokamak reactor. That kind of system can someday make commercial fusion systems possible. 

https://scitechdaily.com/fusion-breakthrough-engineers-uncover-hidden-reactor-weaknesses/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-crack-70-year-fusion-puzzle-paving-way-for-clean-energy/

There are limits on energy that the system can keep inside.

Temperature cannot go below the minimum temperature of the system. Temperature is one version of energy. So energy level in the system cannot rise over the maximum or go below the minimum of that system. Or the system cannot keep that thing inside it. 

The base energy level in the system is individual. So that means that we would be creatures that are born on the planet Venus average temperature for us would be over 500 Celsius. On Earth, the climate average is about 13,5 degrees Celsius. But the Earth is separated from Venus.

Another thing is that the system itself cannot create energy. Energy must come outside of those systems.

Energy cannot form from emptiness. It requires a material that turns to energy. So when we are thinking about the Big Bang. All energy (we can call energy as well wave motion) and particles are released into the universe. But the thing that makes this thing interesting is that wave-particle duality requires that wave motion crosses another wave motion. 

Energy can turn into material. And the material can turn into energy. That mean. During the Big Bang, the universe got all energy it has. But again, where came crossing wave motion? For creating material the wave motion must turn into a ball. And that is impossible if all superstrings are moving in the same direction. Superstrings are the moving parts of wave motion. 

When we are thinking about systems their energy level can be individual. The problem is that we cannot observe the system where we belong. When we are inside the system we cannot observe its entirety. If we think that the room is the system where we are, we can see one corner or opposite wall. But there is always a part of the space behind us. 

In the system, energy travels from the higher energy level to the lower level. The zero Kelvin or absolute zero point is the temperature where motion ends. 

The zero Kelvin degrees is the temperature where Helium turns to ice. That temperature is -273,15 degrees Celsius. That thing means that it is impossible to reach the temperature below this point called absolute zero. But the temperature of the universe is four degrees over zero Kelvin. And that thing is called "cosmic background". 

But then we can think that there is a possibility to reach a temperature below that -273,15 degrees Celcius. In that zero Kelvin temperature, there is still motion. Electrons are orbiting atoms. And that thing means that if we can stop those electrons we could make a temperature that is below zero Kelvin. 

If we would pull all electrons very close to the atom or deny their motion some other way it's possible to reach a situation where even electrons are stable. That thing would be the temperature far below the magic absolute zero Kelvin degrees. 

So when we are in our universe the end of motion is zero Kelvin degrees. And here we must start to use our imagination. The absolute zero point of temperature would not be the same as a hypothetical organism that lived in the young universe where the temperature is about a million degrees of Celsius. 

In that universe, the absolute zero degrees is million degrees Celsius. The reason for that is the base energy level or temperature of that young universe was a million degrees Celsius. But for the organism that lived inside the system. That temperature would be the minimum in that universe. 

https://miraclesofthequantumworld.blogspot.com/

The major problem with fusion experiments is, how to make plasma stay in its form.

The problem with fusion reaction is that the high-energy plasma will not keep its form. So when the energy pump to fusion ends the energy that comes inside will break the plasma. So what if the opposite polar particles will shoot at that plasma ball? 

That thing makes it possible that the fusion reaction begins from the plasma ball's core. The shockwave would travel inside that plasma ball. In regular cases, fusion starts from the middle of the fusion material. And that shockwave destroys the plasma ball. 

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The "cannon device" ion-anion collider where opposite polar particles will shoot against each other could be suitable for some kind of fusion system. 

In some cases, researchers introduced to use of some kind of "cannon device" for solving problems of the fusion reactor. This kind of cannon device is quite a simple system. 

Two linear particle accelerators are shooting opposite polar particles against each other. That thing will collide with anions and ions together. And that kind of system is easier to create than Tokamak-type reactors. 

The system could use lithium ions and chloride anions. But the problem is that the system must create enough energy for a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Otherwise, an ion-anion collider would be suitable for the fusion system. 

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So, when the electromagnetic radiation starts to grow temperature of the plasma causes a situation where the plasma particles start to repel each other. When the fusion ignition happens the energy that fusion forms break the plasma structure. 

In the case where fusion ignites the fusion material makes flash. It sends electromagnetic radiation around it. And that causes the electromagnetic vacuum, which pulls particles away from the plasma ball. In that case, electromagnetic overpressure breaks the structure. 

The plasma that is used in fusion experiments is monopolar. This means the electromagnetic force will push those particles away from each other. And the magnetic field that has the same polarity must push that plasma in one entirety. When the fusion ignites the energy level of the magnetic field that presses the particles must be higher than plasma. That helps to keep plasma in its form. 

The problem is that the fusion starts in the middle of the plasma.  where it starts the shockwave through that material. If the fusion can begin in the core of the plasma ball the impact wave would travel inside it. 

So the answer to the problems of the fusion could be that the opposite polar particles would shoot at that plasma ball. That can begin the fusion reaction at the core of the plasma ball. 

In that case, the magnets should press that plasma harder than the energy that forms in fusion pushes particles. If that thing is done there is the possibility to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction. 

Image and sources: 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-contributes-to-success-of-historic-fusion-ignition-experiment/

What kind of exoplanets do intelligent life forms need?

The artist's vision of the exoplanet "Proxima B". The surface of the closest known exoplanet, "Proxima B" or "Proxima Centauri B", could look like this artist's vision. 

If the planet's surface is too hostile there will not form lifeforms. Life as we know it requires liquid water. And of course, life needs the right environment for advancement. But when we are trying to think about what is the right environment for creating advanced civilizations we must realize one thing. 

There must be some reason for intelligence. The species must get some benefit from intelligence. And that means that if the conditions on the planet are too stable there is no need for intelligence. 

The planet that is favorable for the development of life is not necessarily favorable for the development of intelligence. There must happen something that makes evolution benefit intelligent lifeforms. 

Species like humans use intelligence to adapt the environmental changes. Intelligence makes humans more flexible than other species. We can make houses and clothes to protect us against the weather. 

The water layer on the planet itself cannot guarantee that life is possible on those planets. 

We can also move to places where no other species can live.  But the fact is that we must have the motivation to make that thing. 

But if the pressure on that planet is too high, the water can boil. Also, a strong gravitational field can cause the water cannot to vaporize. There are planets where massive gravitation pulls water to hot ice. 

The temperature of that ice can be extremely hot. But gravitation denies it's boiling. So water layer itself doesn't guarantee that life is possible on those planets. 

If we think of things like water worlds or planets that are covered by a water layer those planets can offer the perfect place for underwater species. The water gives good protection against cosmic radiation. 

But could those species turn intelligent and fly to space? The thing is that if those underwater creatures use volcanic temperature. They can create metallurgy.

And they can use the "space suits" filled with water. That allows them to breathe on the gills at drylands.  

In too favorable conditions a large number of descendants is enough. There must happen something. That makes species turn to favor the high-quality descendants. 

Species requires intelligence to find nutrient. And maybe the ice ages are the reason why humans are so intelligent. In those conditions, the ability to solve problems. And making new inventions was important for survivability. 

Intelligence is the key element of advanced technology. And advanced technology requires places where individuals can develop it. The key role in that process is the need for those inventions. 

Image: Pinterest

What is the role of electrons in nuclear processes?

Distant asteroids in zero-kelvin degrees can exist longer than similar asteroids near the sun. 

When we think about organic time, or what time means to the material. We are facing one very interesting thing. Energy is the thing that creates material.  When material or atoms are sending photons they are sending their mass. And that thing causes that sooner or later particles turn to wave movement. The thing that causes this thing is the negative energy. That means the energy that travels away from the nucleus of the atom. 

The size of the electron is much smaller than protons. But still, they can turn the polarity of atoms neutral. But how the electricity of electrons can be so powerful that it can neutralize the electricity or polarity of the proton. The answer is kinetic energy. When an electron orbits the nucleus that will increase its electric load. But that thing is the thing that is making the material get older. 

When an electron orbits an atom it loses its energy. And when the electron loses its energy proton pulls it to it. During that dive movement, the electron would take the energy from the quantum fields of the protons and neutrons. But at the same time electrons are taking part in those nuclear particles. 

So why heavy elements are destroying faster than light particles. What causes the radioactivity. That thing is quite simple to explain. When electrons are orbiting the nucleus of the atom. That thing causes that electrons are throwing photons away from the atom. And during that process, electrons are losing their energy. 

If there is a large number of electrons in the orbitals. They are transferring the energy faster away from the atom. That thing is the source of the radioactive radiation. The electrons in the inner trajectories would get their energy mainly from the nucleus. And that means the electrons are transferring energy only to one direction away from the atom's nucleus. 

Whenever the electron is taking energy from the nucleus. That makes the nucleus of the atom lighter. And sooner or later the atom loses a couple of electrons. That thing causes the asymmetry in electron cores what makes the electrons are pulling the protons asymmetrically. That destroys the nucleus of an atom. 

But when energy travels outside the nucleus when electrons are transferring it away from the atom. That thing makes the quantum fields around the atom and especially the nucleus weaker. When the electron cloud expands the quantum fields are growing but they are turning weaker. That allows that the movement of gluons in the protons and neutrons is getting stronger. 

The nuclear particles, protons, and neutrons are quark groups. That requires electrons for staying in one piece.  If there are no quantum fields around hadrons they are destroyed. And finally when the last electrons are left even protons are turning to the wave movement. 

And what makes the energy flow from the nucleus of the atom to the negative? The thing is that when the electrons are orbiting the nucleus the electron that is in the internal orbiter would take the energy mainly from the nucleus of the atom. 

The time is a very interesting thing. When we are talking about the material we can determine the time as the existence of material in the particular form. The material is getting old faster in the empty bubbles in space because the energy travels outside the material. Faster in low energetic areas than in high energetic areas. 

Energy always travels from the higher-energetic area to the lower energetic area. And that means the material loses its energy faster in low-energy areas than in high-energy areas. The aging process is not so simple. Freezing material to the minimum energy level would not limit its lifetime. Or existence as the particle form. 

The vaporization of the black holes means that the energy flows away from the black hole that is the higher energetic area to the space which is the lower energetic area. And the same way all other material is vaporizing or turn wave movement. 

If it would pull energy to it from outside. The thing is that low energetic material has longer existence as the form of particles than high-energetic. Low-energy material loses its mass slower than high-energetic material. 

Or actually, the speed of energy transfer depends on the difference in the energy level. If the difference of the energy levels is very big the energy flows to a lower level faster than if the difference between energy levels is lower. And that is one thing that destroys the material. So near zero kelvin degrees, the energy flow between material and surrounding space would be weak. 

Image: https://www.syfy.com/sites/syfy/files/styles/blog_post_featured_media_tablet_1_5x/public/art_distant_asteroid.jpg?h=9f474308

Why there will be no known life form in the moon Titan?

Titan hydrocarbon ocean
(Picture 1)

Kimmo Huosionmaa

I will continue with the theme of extraterrestrial lifeforms. And there is another place on the orbiter of Saturn, where could be very primitive lifeforms. But why there is no sign of life in that moon, what lays under red clouds? Or there is no sign of life at the dry surface. In this moon, the living organisms could be under the surface of this world hydrocarbon oceans.The answer would be that this moon’s hydrocarbon seas are so calm. There would be no place, where the organism could developing like it can move to dry ground.

Titan by numbers
(Picture 2)

The calm surface of those hydrocarbon oceans causes the effect that there would not create the layer between sea and dry ground, where the gases from the atmosphere can mix in the ocean liquids, what is made with hydrocarbons like methane. There could be bacteria inside the liquid hydrocarbon, what uses the volcanic temperature to create energy what this cell might need to create the sugars. But when we are thinking about the temperature and other conditions in that strange world, we must say that the only esoteric lifeforms are very primitive organisms what might be very similar to our cyanobacterial.


If they exist, they will live very slowly and all chemical reactions of this world could be extremely slow. Titan seems the very good place for manned spaceflight, but of course, the flight to there will take very long time. And how fantastic place this moon is depended is those hydrocarbons connected the oxygen. If there is oxygen in the atmosphere, there could breathe with using active carbon filters, what makes the equipment of astronauts easier to carry. But this flight to Titan will be possible in the distant future.


In this distant future might be stable colonies on our planet system and the trip to Saturn might be made from the colonies of the Asteroid belt and moons of Jupiter. And the astronauts, who will make that trip, might ever visit Earth. This scenario the solar system would populate by jumping planet to planet. And the trip to Saturn would not accomplish until stable colonies have been established to orbiter of Jupiter and its moons.

Sources:

Picture 1.

https://pics-about-space.com/surface-of-titan-nasa?p=3#img13454858435451220205

Picture 2.

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/thumbnails/image/titan_bythenumbers_fahrenheit_1.jpg


https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/why-there-will-be-no-known-life-form-in.html

Maybe in the future, we will make the base to the Venus

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/maybe-in-future-we-will-make-base-to.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/maybe-in-future-we-will-make-base-to.html