Change the sound of massive stars warn that they turn to supernova.

"An artist’s impression of Betelgeuse’s supernova. Credit: European Southern Observatory/L. Calçada" (ScitechDaily.com/Explosion Imminent: Massive Stars Sound Warning They Are About To Go Supernova)

The new investigation shows that supernovas are not exploding without warning. That makes predicting those interesting and powerful phenomena more accurate. If there is the possibility to make the prediction when some star explodes. That thing opens new views to observe things like forming of neutron stars and black holes. 

The problem with supernovas is that they explode almost without warning. But making more accurate predictions makes it possible to turn telescopes into that exploding star and observe the entire explosion. 

On earth is a limited number of telescopes that can look at a certain point of the universe and find some useful data from that point. 

Observing an exploding supernova that explodes 3000 light years away from us requires extremely large telescopes. For making observations that have enough accuracy. 

Those powerful telescopes are always busy. And they are needed for many other observations. When those telescopes are following some star, they are away from something else. 

When supernovas are seen from Earth, they have already started their eruption. And that means that the beginning of that eruption is out of data. 

Certain signs give a tip that the star is going to explode. When a star loses its hydrogen fuel. It starts to burn helium. And in that process, it turns into a red giant. In those stars, helium is the main energy source. And helium fusion requires more energy than hydrogen fusion. When the fuel of the star is going to end it starts to pulsate faster and faster. 

The reason for that is that the energy that comes from fusion pushes the star's core outside. That thing decreases pressure and temperature in the nucleus of the star. When energy production turns lower the star will start to collapse until the new energy pulse pushes its core away. 

So when the fuel in the star will end that means the star is starting to pulsate faster and faster. Until the fusion material in the star ends. That causes the collapse of the star. During that collapse, the star's energy production increases to the level where it creates as much energy as it produced in its entire existence until it turned into a supernova. 

The massive energy production means that the shockwave starts to travel outside the star. The supernova always forms neutron stars or black holes, depending on its mass. A supernova is one of the most fascinating things in the universe. There is the possibility that those eruptions form warp bubbles. 

In that hypothesis, the powerful energy impact forms the situation where the supernova pushes all quantum fields from around it. Also, those extremely high-energy reactions are giving information about things like wave-particle duality. Can a high-power electromagnetic field turn the light element heavier?

Extremely large-size stars are also fascinating because they are forming also the heaviest elements of the universe. The thing that makes those stars interesting is that the supernovas can uncover when elements like uranium form.  The ability to predict the supernova explosion makes it possible to turn the observation instruments to that exploding star. 

Are those heaviest elements forming during the normal fusion reaction of the red supergiant? Or are those heaviest elements forming during the supernovas? That thing makes many very interesting thoughts in the minds of astronomers and physicists. 

https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

The electric cars are not without pollution and other problems

Electricity must produce somewhere 

https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.com/

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Many times before I have written about technology, what is used in electric cars, and why those cars are ultimate challengers for normal cars. But as you know there is no product, what is without environmental problems. Here come the critics against electric cars, what somebody has been waiting. There are a couple of environmental problems with electric cars, and one of those problems is, what happens to used batteries, and in those vehicles is used many synthetic materials. So what would those wrecks happen, when they are removed from traffic? They are similar wrecks as other cars, and that makes them problematic for the environment, and those composite materials are hard to recycle.


So here I must say that the electric motor would just transfer the pollution to another place, and if the electricity would not produce by using clean methods would the environment load of that car even bigger than the normal car. The major problem is, that electricity must produce somewhere if it wanted to use in cars, and that would increase the need to build more power plants. And that is very bad for the environment. In this case, I'm talking about the situation, that the electricity would be produced in some power plant, what uses brown coal to make the electricity. Or that would not have properly cleaning systems for the smoke gases. Electric cars have also environmental problems, and that means they are not without problems.


That type of vehicle would not create pollution itself but producing the electricity makes pollution, and this is the biggest problem with electric cars. Some persons, who argue against electric cars says that in those devices the pollution is just transferred to another place like power plants, and that's why the environmental load, what those devices causes are even bigger than normal cars, what uses the gas or some other environment-friendly combustion fuel.


If the power plant would use some dirty stuff as the fuel, the environmental load will be very big, and if we are talking about the environmentally friendly way to use automobiles, the only way to make that true reality is to use fuel-cells, what are using hydrogen and oxygen, what is produced by using solar power or Earth thermal systems, what is environmentally friendly way to produce electricity for electrolysis. But there is another thing, what causes problems with electric cars in the city environment. That is the loss of space and parking areas.


The problem with cars is that they are one of the most dangerous things in the city area. If the driver is drunk, there are many people, who are in danger in the area of the car. And the limited road capacity is problematic for every car in the city area. The electric car has also problems with the battery waste. This waste is sometimes very toxic and involves the heavy metals like cadmium, what makes those waste very problematic.


Over one hundred years the city areas are made for first the carriages and then this advantage turned straight to the cars, and the most important point of view in the environment-development was, that the cars were allowed to come near people and markets doors. And this is now visible in the loss of space. Here are too many cars in the city areas, and this is the thing, what we must realize.

Another strange polar explorer: Salomon Andrée 1897

Famous picture of Andrée's balloon wreck

https://gamesandtehories.blogspot.com/

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Another very well known polar expedition was made by Salomon Andrée or S.A Andrée (1854-1897)  in 1897, and that trip was fatal for him and his two mates. The expedition seems very interesting because when Andrée left for his final journey, he used the hydrogen balloon, what was made of rubber. That means the balloon couldn't be fixed if something made the hole on it. And because the balloon was made of rubber, the refilling with hot air was impossible.


There is the fatal design error in that balloon. If the air sailor wanted to use hydrogen balloon, should the rubber balloon put in the canvas balloon, what would make the trip safer. The problem with hydrogen balloon is, that it can raise very high, and be trimming the altitude must the hydrogen released from rubber balloon.


And in the case of Andrée, this gas must be replaced by something. If the hydrogen balloon would rise too high, the crew would be lost conscious, or even get the brain damage. If the hydrogen balloon would put in the canvas balloon, the last one could be filled with hot air, and that would help those persons fly away from the North Pole if they would get the fuel for fire from somewhere. Another way to solve the problem of return would be solved by carrying another rubber balloon and the hydrogen bottle with the balloon.


The backup bottle would be put to hang on the top of the wire under the balloon, that the explosion would not harm the balloon. But the use of hydrogen is not the best way in this kind of trips. If Andrée would use hot air balloon, the fuel for the fire could get from anywhere, where is burning material. Even bryophytes and lichen could be used for fire, that would raise the balloon to air.


And the hot air balloon would be fixed easier. The problem with hydrogen would be that if the backup bottle would be damaged the gas would flee away or explode with very high power. The name Andrée is also very interesting. Did he change it? Andrée seems like the first name and did that man hide his real identity? But that could also be like that he had an unusual family name.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._A._Andr%C3%A9e%27s_Arctic_Balloon_Expedition_of_1897

Picture I

https://varldenshistoria.se/utforskning/upptacktsresor/pa-katastrofkurs-mot-nordpolen