Does the universe expand faster than light?

The answer is yes and no. The material can travel outside our universe faster than it travels inside our universe. The reason for that is that there is no scattering effect and other kinds of electromagnetic quantum fields that can decrease the speed of material. So the speed of the two first photons released from the Big Bang is faster than photons inside the bubble called the universe. 

Two forces are affecting the universe. The energy flow outside the universe causes the expansion of it. And the internal gravitation effect that is pulling particles to the center of the ball-shaped structure. We don't know the real geometrical shape of the universe. But because the Big Bang might look like erupting black hole. That thing causes suspicion that the shape of the universe is spherical. 

The fact is that shape of the universe could also be flat or hyperbolic. And hyperbolic universe causes theory that during the Big Bang. 

The form of material could be of an hourglass. The visible material would be in two hyperbolic-shaped forms in the ball-shaped structure. The other layer would be the universe where we live. 

And another would be the anti-universe. Antimatter can form large objects. But its mirror material to material that forms our universe. 

And the only thing is that object would detonate immediately when it touches the material. The universe would be two layers of visible material. There could be a dark matter between those layers. 

The anti-universe would be similar to our universe. But its forms of antimatter. The idea of the hourglass-shaped structure is coming from the hourglass nebula. 

Poles of the supernova caused the material to travel opposite ways. And that effect can be possible also in the erupting black hole. But there is a possibility. That mainly material released from the equator of the poles of the object that formed the universe. 

Image 2) "The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1.

From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia/Shape of the Universe) 

If  Ω > 1, this means gravitation wins. And the universe will end its existence in the big crunch. Otherwise, the end of the universe would be a "big emptiness". The problem with determining the shape of the universe is that we cannot see dark matter. And we cannot see the universe from outside. 

This is one way to see things. When we think about the edge of the universe there is no quantum field outside it. That means the radiation pressure from inside the universe is the reason why the universe expands. Energy travels from the higher energy universe to emptiness. There are lower energy fields. And the energy flow is the thing that will destroy the universe someday. 

Image 3) Hourglass nebula has caused an idea that maybe the universe is two balls or two hyperbolic layers. 

When energy is traveling out from the universe it goes to the area where is nothing. The energy flow would be a monotonic wave movement outside the universe. There is the possibility that some kind of wall of wave movement would form the shockwave that travels in space. That shock wave formed in the Big Bang. And it travels at the front of the material. 

So if there is some kind of particles that wall of wave movement would travel faster than light at the front of the universe. There is possibly an electromagnetic or quantum vacuum behind that wall. And energy travels to that small vacuum and pushes the shockwave ahead.  

And that means the universe is actually in the giant WARP bubble. The things that are outside the universe are a mystery. There are possible other bubbles that are remainings of other big bangs. And other universes. But there is the possibility that those other universes are so distant that we cannot see them. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bang

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

Image 2) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

Image 3) Redditt

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The shape of the universe. And the dark energy interaction.

The universe might be the giant loop. But when we are thinking about the shape of the universe. We should remember a couple of things. The universe is a giant entirety, and we see only a couple of percent about that thing. There is a possibility that the universe is like a plate. Or it can be like a ball. Or it can be like a saddle. 

But is the universe shape and structure even homogenous? That means in the giant entirety could be many types of forms. There is the possibility that there are cosmic bubbles of the yet-seen material. And in some other ideas, the universe is warped. 

That means the shape of the main material is some of those three examples that are introduced in image II. But there is the possibility that the main shape hides sub-shapes. The layer of the universe might be waved. Or there might be bubble- or ball-shaped structures in the main structures. 

The empty bubbles in the universe are interesting things. Because there is a lower density of material than other places in the universe. Dark matter is similar material with visible material but we just cannot see that thing. We always forget that interaction is two-way. 

The same effect would interact also with the other side. And that means the material that is visible to us has similar interaction to the dark matter as the dark matter has to visible material. 

If there is a creature in the universe that is formed of dark matter. The universe that is formed of visible material to us would seem empty bubble to that creature.

But if we are thinking otherwise we might think that some creature lives in the universe that is formed of dark matter. That creature would not see us either. The thing that makes material dar is that the particles that form the dark matter would have different sizes. And that means we cannot see that material because it sends the radiation with a different wavelength than visible material.

X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1.

From top to bottom: a spherical or ball-shaped universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic "saddle-shaped" universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". 

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, there is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1 there is negative curvature.

(Wikipedia, Shape of the universe)

The reason why the shape of the universe is important is that if the  Ω > 1. That means the universe would end its day in the big crash. The entire material would drop in the black hole. And in space where is no wave movement or material, the black hole will detonate. 

And that thing makes that the universe would be like the Phoenix bird. That thing makes the new Big Bang possible. But the wave-particle duality means that the crossing wave movement can create new elementary particles. The researchers of the SETI program introduced the theory that God is a remnant from the past universe. The interesting thing is that Sir Roger Penrose and his team recognized. That some black holes are sending radiation that source might be in the past universe. 

X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X-X

The thing is that the bubble of the visible material is the ball. But there is a lot of material in the universe that is invisible to us. And there is lots of material and energy that are hard to observe. The things like free quarks, neutrinos, just discovered odderon particles. And cosmic radio frequential hum which cannot observe from the earth because it cannot penetrate in the plasma field of the sun is giving a tip, what the dark energy might be. 

Dark energy might be the radiation that source is in the extremely small particles.  Or it is just the radio waves that cannot reach us. If the source of the electromagnetic radiation is in the odderon particles or anyons which are 2-dimensional particles that will explain why we cannot see that energy. 

https://www.businessinsider.com/nasa-voyager-1-detects-hum-interstellar-space-2021-5?r=US&IR=T

https://www.deccanherald.com/science-and-environment/there-was-a-universe-before-ours-says-nobel-laureate-roger-penrose-report-900067.html

https://futurism.com/sir-roger-penrose-alternate-theory-of-the-big-bang-2

https://scitechdaily.com/after-50-year-international-hunt-physicists-discover-mythical-odderon-particle/

https://www.space.com/universe-may-be-curved.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anyon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

Image II:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The Big Bang. And the expansion of the universe.

So does the universe expand faster than light? The question is interesting. If we are using two photons released in the Big Bang and which are traveling in the opposite direction the virtual speed of the expansion is 2X the speed of light. Another thing that can travel faster than light is the quantum field of the first particles that were released from the Big Bang. 

Sometimes is introduced the idea that only one particle caused the big bang. The energy of the thing that exploded was extremely high. And around that object was the zero-energetic universe. So if the thing that released the material was vaporizing the black hole that eruption was very rough. But when the first particle materialized to an empty universe nothing limited the expansion of its quantum field. 

The fact is that we don't know the shape of the Big Bang. If we think that the Big Bang was behave like a black hole that means the shape of the big bang can be like a galaxy. So there is the disk around that point. Or maybe the shape of the released material was like a stick. That means the universe is not like the ball. 

And that has caused an idea. That some kind of particle that formed in the wave-particle duality pulled the black hole to the universe. When the particle dropped in the black hole. That was the remaining of the old universe. Caused that the energy started to flow to the zero-energetic area. So there is the possibility that the form of the was like beam more than the symmetric ball. But those things are purely hypotheses. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1. From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia/Shape of the universe). 

Only if the  Ω > 1, the gravity wins and the result is the big crunch. In other ways, the universe expands forever and the end of it is a big silence. 

The expansion of the universe is the thing. That causes the quantum fields of the material are turning bigger. And that thing means that sooner or later tachyons would break the core of the protons and neutrons. Their movement trajectory will turn so big that it's the end of the proton and neutron. So the term expansion of the universe also means the cooling of the universe. And that can turn to decrease the energy level of the universe. 

So the expansion of universe=cooling of the universe=decrease the energy level of the universe. 

Was universe someday looked like this? The image portrays the Sombrero-galaxy. And if this is the shape of the universe that means we are living in an open universe. (Image: Pinterest)

Where did the Big Bang happen?

In the past, people believed that there is the center of the universe. But modern science has rejected that idea. A simplified model of the universe is that is the ball that expands forever. or until the gravity wins. But now we know that the universe is much more complicated than some ball-shape thing. There are things like dark matter and dark energy that are making determine the location of the Big Bang very difficult or even impossible. But maybe quantum computers help to locate that place by using the data that is got by using the most modern technology. But until that happens the "center of the universe remains as myth". 

This is the thing that made Edwin Hubble define the form of the Universe. Hubble thought that the universe is the ball. And the point where the Big Bang happened is the center of that ball. This is the simplified answer to the good question. Then somebody asks where cosmologists get their salary? At that point, the answer to the question of where the Big Bang happened is not so simple as we first thought. The fact is that we just predict that the form of the universe is a ball. The reason for that is the Big Bang theory. Because all material that we know is released in the Big Bang from a certain point that means the universe is the ball. 

Or expanding ball that expands until the gravity wins the kinetic energy that the material got from the Big Bang. The thing is that if we could see all energy that model would be very good. But the dark energy means that defining the geometric form of the Universe is more difficult than we ever thought. If the universe is the ball the gravity wins. And everything ends in the big crunch. But the dark energy is ripping the universe in pieces. And over 80% of material is invisible to us. 

Even if the material of the universe is forming the ball. There is the possibility that there is lots of material outside the visible material of the universe and the role of that material is crucial if we are thinking about the form of the universe. There is the possibility that outside the ball of the galaxies are the material clouds. That are forming "wings" or "layers" outside the galactic core of the universe. And that means the universe that seems nice and clean ball would be hyperbolic or flat. And if the form of the universe is flat or hyperbolic the expansion continues forever. 

So the expansion of the universe continues. The thing that we are calling "expansion" means that galaxies distance themselves from each other. But now we know that some galaxies are also traveling to each other. And the Milky Way will impact with Andromeda galaxy somewhere in the future. But the question is does the universe expand. The thing is that the distance between galaxies is getting longer. 

Edwin Hubble created the idea that observing the redshift of galaxies is possible to determine if the galaxy is on the opposite side of the universe. And the galaxy in which redshift is strongest is traveling opposite side to us. But we are not sure what is outside that point. The space continues outside the observable material. 

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_center_of_the_Universe

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redshift

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

()https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultimate_fate_of_the_universe

()https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/