Researchers are trying to create new alternatives for rockets.

"Illustration of an imaginative artwork depicting satellites piled up like a stack of pancakes. Image generated by AI." (Sustainability-times, Unstoppable Satellite Barrage: US Firm’s Hypersonic Cannon Fires Pancake Probes Into Space, Prompting Urgent Chinese Response)

Space rockets are tested and good systems for launching satellites into orbiters. But there is one problem with rockets. They are so noisy. And they need lots of space around them. There are a couple of alternatives. Researchers are trying to develop to replace those noisy systems. The easiest to make are the blimps, high-altitude unmanned airships that rise small Pegasus-type rockets to the edge of space. 

Those rockets will launch into orbit from the 40-kilometer altitude. The unmanned robot airships can use hydrogen for hovering, and explosions will not be dangerous to humans on board. Those systems are quieter than the regular rockets. 

The other version is the hypersonic aircraft that makes the ballistic jump. The satellite will release at the top point of the trajectory. Or the aircraft can pull that satellite behind it in the hypersonic glider. And when that aircraft makes the ballistic movement the satellite follows it. And then the ballistic movement acts like a sling to that satellite. 

Centrifugal launchers or spin launchers are tools that can replace rockets.  In those systems, the spinning plate accelerates the satellite at a very high speed. The spinning plate should be very large so that it stands for the spinning speed. If there is some kind of error the centripetal force destroys the plate. There is a possibility of connecting the spin launchers with magnetic accelerators, which can be connected to the stratospheric tube. 

The orbital centrifuge cannon can look like this. The image was made with AI. 

The tube itself can be connected with quadcopters. And it can have a telescopic structure. That means the system can push the stratospheric together. When the system is in use those quadcopters and electric motors pull that tower in full length. When the spin plate accelerates at full speed the system will open a hatch. 

At the top of that thing. Then it opens a ventilator that brings air behind the satellite. The magnetic track and pressure along with the magnetic system pull the satellite through the tube. Those satellites will not be very large. They can be about 1-2 kg microsatellites. Those satellites are packed in the aerodynamic shield. 

There are many variants of spin launchers. The laser system. That shoots below the satellite. Can give extra thrust. The system needs four lasers around the exit tube that give a stable push for the satellite capsule.  

There are models where the system throws the satellite to the ballistic, or suborbital trajectory. Then the small space shuttle, or space hook. That is connected to the space station or heavier satellite pulls that satellite upward. The orbital system catches the satellite. And pulls it upwards.  

In some models, the robot airships can carry extremely long whips. The spin launcher is like the Kevlar or spider silk rope. The rope will spin at a high speed. The length of that whip can be even kilometers. In some plans, there is a space station between Earth and the moon. There the whip length is enormous. 100 or even 1000 kilometers throw the small probes around the solar system. 

The thing is that the centrifugal canons that are connected with magnetic accelerators can be used in long-range artillery. Those systems can launch ammunition over long distances. When we think about the orbital spin launchers those systems can look like helicopter rotors. They can pull themselves into a small size. Then the origami-style system puts its structure into the full size. The magnetic accelerators can be put in the tubes. That is in the middle of solar panels. Those "space windmills" can send metal ammunition against targets at a very high speed. 

https://www.sustainability-times.com/energy/unstoppable-satellite-barrage-us-firms-hypersonic-cannon-fires-pancake-probes-into-space-prompting-urgent-chinese-response/

The new milestone in fusion research

Image 1) This illustration provided by the NIF (National Ignition Facility) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory depicts a target pellet inside a hohlraum capsule with laser beams entering through openings on either end. The beams compress and heat the target. 

The lasers will rise the fusion capsule's temperature to a higher level than the sun's nucleus temperature is. The reason for that is the pressure of the stars must compensate. By rising temperature higher level than the nucleus of the sun is. 

(https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html)

Fusion energy is coming.

Fusion energy is coming. And every day. Scientists are closer to breakthroughs for commercial fusion systems. They are assisted by artificial intelligence. Which is collecting data from those tests more accurately than ever before. Quantum computers can handle more variables than ever before. 

Machine learning makes it possible to adjust temperature and different types of electromagnetic radiation along with the most suitable materials for reactor constructions. Nanotechnology allows the creation of many new tools like miniature injection pipes that allow injecting the ions in the systems with very high accuracy. 

The main problem with fusion energy is that the reactor must give out more energy than it gets in the ignition process. Another problem is that the energy level in the fusion reactor is extremely high. The problem in the fusion reaction is that the pressure that helps to maintain reaction in the nucleus of the stars is very high. And on Earth, the pressure must compensate by increasing temperature in the fusion chamber. 

Then the fusion system requires a temperature that is higher than the temperature in the nucleus of the sun. The fusion system can use two plasma beams that have opposite polarity. And then the positive and negative plasma beams are impacted after they are shot through high-energy particle accelerators. The energy level at that point can increase by using laser beams. 

The electromagnetic pulling effect can make it easy to aim the plasma beams. There are two major types of fusion reactors. For regular energy production. The donut-shaped "Tokamak" accelerators are more suitable. The plasma orbits in the donut-shaped accelerator. And magnetic fields keep that plasma ring flowing away from the reactor's core. The magnets are pressing the plasma ring. And it is also targeted by using lasers. 

The problem with "Tokamak" is that system must use the monopolar plasma. The reason for that is the magnetic press would not work if there is a plus and minus mark ions in the same chambers. The opposite polar ions would be suitable for increasing the friction in the plasma ring. 

Another type of reactor is the ball- and tube-shaped reactor. The NIF (National Ignition Facility) uses a ball-shaped system for simulating the power of the hydrogen bombs. In those systems, in the middle of the reactor will put the lithium bite. And then it will be shot with laser rays. The power of the ignition system is extremely high. And it will make the lithium atoms melt together.  

The ball-shaped systems can also be very powerful and there is the possibility that in the middle of the chamber will flow the ion cloud. Then the rotating magnets and magnetic press along with lasers and microwaves will turn the temperature of the plasma ball to extreme heat. The rotating magnets cause internal friction. That is increasing the temperature. 

Image 2) Artist's impression of Bussard ramjet

The fusion rocket and weapon solutions

Fusion engines can use in rockets. There are many types of theoretical fusion engines for rockets. And the problem with them all is that they require extremely high ignition power. In conventional systems, the fusion engine gives only thrust. And the other energy supply will get from the fission reactor. The most awesome theoretical fusion system is the Bussard ramjet. 

The system uses a magnetic field for pulling ions through the spacecraft. So there is a channel in the system where the magnets will press the ion flow and behind the system, the lasers will ignite fusion in the plasma. That means the artificial sun will push the spacecraft forward. That fusion could be self-sustain. Or it can get auxiliary energy from a fission reactor. 

The tube-shaped reactor is one of the most interesting versions for lightweight systems. The tube-shaped fusion reactors can be connected with particle accelerators that shoot their two opposite polar ion beams in the chamber. That ion flow will impact together. And that impact helps to ignite fusion. The tube-shaped system makes it possible to create more lightweight fusion systems than ever before. 

Hydrogen bombs or thermonuclear weapons are small fusion devices. The uncontrolled fusion causes huge detonation. There is made a research on how to replace the fission bomb that gives energy for begin fusion by using the lasers. Theoretically, the small fusion device can be the lithium chamber where is shot high-power laser rays. 

That is causing detonation. That thing makes fusion weapons cheaper. But there is the possibility to use the particle accelerators for shooting plus and minus ions together. And that thing can use as the "fusion cannon bomb". 

The fact is that those tube-shaped "fusion cannons" can be used as the base for the new type of terrifying fusion weapons. Those new types of fusion bombs would not require a fission stage. The detonation of the fusion system happens by using the lasers. 

The idea of some of that so-called free-ion nuclear weapons or "artificial suns" is that the high-power ion beams that have different polarities will shoot together. That system can use the chamber or it can use the ion beams. 

The magnetic pulling force will make those ions come together. And that thing can cause the detonation. In some visions, two different polar ion clouds. Will release over the target area. And then the system will shoot those ions with laser rays that form artificial sun over the area. 

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html

https://i4is.org/interstellar-ramjets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussard_ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 1) https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html

Image 2) https://i4is.org/interstellar-ramjets/

 https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Theories of hypersonic flight. And extremely fast spacecraft.

The thing that is why the aircraft speed cannot increase endlessly is friction. But another reason is that the firefront turns backward in the engine. This is the reason why hypersonic aircraft requires the engine type called scramjet. 

The problem with the scramjet engine is that it can start only when the speed of the aircraft is about Mach 6. The scramjet is only the tube where a certain form causes friction. And that ignites the fuel and oxygen mixture. There is the possibility to equip the scramjet engine with an iris that closes the air inlet. 

That allows combining the rocket engine and scramjet. When the hypersonic aircraft will take off. It can use rocket scramjet in the rocket mode. In that period the rocket scramjet uses internal oxygen. And when the speed of the aircraft is high enough it can turn to use the oxygen from the air. That kind of aircraft can operate in the atmosphere but it can also operate at the orbital trajectory. 

The scramjet system can equip with a regular jet engine. That allows the hypersonic aircraft or hybrid aircraft-shuttle to use the same airborne refueling system with other aircraft. And the fuel for those systems can be liquid hydrogen or some hydrocarbon. 

But when we are thinking about the speed of the aircraft. The aircraft or rocket cannot travel faster than its exhaust gas. One version for increasing the speed of the exhaust gas. Is to make the vacuum behind the aircraft or rocket. The problem with jet engines. Is that the firefront is moving backward when the speed is increasing. In this text term "jet engine" means turbojets, ramjets, scramjets, rocket ramjets, and rocket scramjets. 

One version of the system that can increase the speed of the aircraft is to use adjusting the distance of the fuel injection and combustion chamber. And in some versions, the scramjet or ramjets can use the electric arcs for fuel ignition. In those systems, the fuel injector is at the front of the engine. Electric arcs are in the air inlet of the engine. And that means the fuel injector is at the forward of the engine. 

Things like plasma engines can increase the speed of the aircraft. The plasma-ion engine means that the gas is ionized at the front of the engine. And then the magnetic accelerators will pull the ionized gas through the engine. That kind of system can be extremely fast. Another name for the plasma-ion engine is the MDD (Magnetodynamic drive). 

The idea for the WARP-spacecraft is coming from the submarines. 

MDD is another name for the magnetohydrodynamic drive (MHD). The MHD is operating only in water. But a similar system can also operate airborne and even in space. The system is simple pulling ions in the tube and then those ions exit behind that tube. This thing makes thrust. And the thing in this type of engine is that they are silent. There are no moving parts and that thing gives an ability to make very fast submarines. 

There is introduced an idea. That submarines can travel faster than the speed of sound. The idea is simply that the submarine will be closed in the air bubble. That will remove the friction of the water around it. And then the submarine can use MHD drive or simple rocket engines. Another version is to make the tornado at the front of the submarine. That tornado removes water from the front of it. 

The quantum tornado can use to make the wormhole. And that quantum tornado can create by using the high energetic radiation. 

The idea of the WARP engine is that the spacecraft is put in a bubble where are no quantum fields. Another version of the WARP bubble is the electromagnetic or giant quantum tornado that creates the synthetic wormhole ahead of the spacecraft. In some visions, the high-power X-rays can use to create an area. With no sideways are traveling electromagnetic waves. If those high-energy rays can turn to rotate. That could make the tornado where is no quantum fields. 

The thing in WARP-systems the warp-bubbles are the electromagnetic vacuums in the space. Those systems are extremely dangerous. Because if those bubbles are forming around the object or particles that cause the energy is starting to travel faster to the environment from the material. That causes the material to turn to wave movement very fast. 

The WARP bubble is pulling energy in itself. The reason for that is the energy is traveling to the lower energy area. That thing can cause a huge explosion. The thing that denies the material aging in the wormhole is that the object rides with its wave movement. Energy cannot travel away from the material. And that thing can make it possible that material exists until the existence of the wormhole ends. 

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Why were German wonder weapons so big flop?

V-2 Rocket was the most well known German
wonder weapons
(Picture I)

https://pimeakronikka.blogspot.fi/p/why-were-german-wonder-weapons-so-big.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

This is the text, what I sometimes wanted to write for explaining, why Nazi wonder weapons ("Wunderwaffe")  were the biggest flops in history? There is one very good reason, why those weapons ever got effect against allied forces, and that was that they were produced so little number, that they would not have any kind of effect against allied forces. Another reason for those flops was that they were produced and drawn by very big hurry, what caused the situation, that there were many mistakes in planning and production of those in paper very good airplanes and submarines. One of the best examples of the good ideas, but in real life, bad and dangerous product was Heinkel 117 "Greif" what motors had got too little coolers, and they made that airplane very easy to burn in airborne.


And because of the Nazi-bureaucracy, nobody changed the drawings, and production of the aircraft, what had two V-motors with a double number of cylinders, but the coolers were metered for half size motors continued even if many of those aircraft were actually started to burn in airborne because of engine overheating. Also, the famous V-2 rockets had one problem, those rockets were actually planned for scientific purposes, and that made them very difficult to a product. The missiles must be the large number, and that's why almost every missile in the world uses solid fuel because that allows manufacturing a large number of missiles. V-2 could be effective if there would be used biological or chemical warhead, but luckily those plans were disbanded.



When we are talking about "real weapons" the problem with those real weapons was that they were ineffective against allied forces. And because of Focke-Wulff and Messerschmitt fighters problems with allied aircraft the Nazi government wanted to make new kind of weapons. One of those weapons what were effective was FX-1400 ("Fritz X"), what was first used in 1943 against Italian battleships and one of the DO-17Z-3 bombers was able to get direct hit to one Italian battleships gun tower. One thing makes me think, that maybe some of those problems with bombers were caused in purpose are involving in this weapon. Why the survivability of those bombers didn't make better by using laughing gas or some other oxygenase in the motors of those bombers, what would allow them to fly higher altitude. And avoiding the air defense and some fighters of allied forces.


That was shown how effectively guided missiles could be worked, but the problem was that the Luftwaffe had to transfer the production of bombers to the fighters, and that caused the loss of a number of bombers, what had the capacity to carry those glide bombs. Also, the training of airmen to use that weapon was difficult, because allied fighters disturbed those pieces of training, and loss of fuel caused problems for flight operations. When we are talking about German submarines and their weapons, there were made new kind of torpedoes, what could guide to the target by using electric wires, what was in the spinning rod, and the captain of the submarine could drive those torpedoes to the target by using two circuit breakers. Those weapons were ineffective because if the captain of the submarine made the wrong move while losing the sight of the torpedo, would those torpedoes destroy own submarine.


The "Walter turbine", what allowed to drive submarines underwater with high speed flopped because the fuel was too exotic. And the principle, where steam for turbines was created by mixing hydrogen peroxide and water was very good, but those submarines were ready for their first patrol in May 1945, and they couldn't make an influence for the World War II. But those submarines were the very good vision and technically advanced. And some bad rumors tell or claims that they were produced for allied forces as the commercial card, what kind of things the German military engineers could do.  One of the reasons for the failure of those wonder weapons was that their users could not wait for the sign of their effectiveness against the enemy.


If some of those wonder weapons were not hit the target, that meant the delaying of the production of that system. And of course, German factories were gone under the heavy bombings, and that made impossible to the product of those new weapons, and that made them ineffective against any target. They were very technical and difficult to the product. But the air superiority of allied forced Germans to make those weapons, what was not very effective, sometimes because of the small production numbers. Of course in German political culture was very many cases, were the engineer, who made mistakes just executed, and that's why those people hide mistakes, what they made in very high pressure and for those projects were given very short time. That made those machines dangerous for their users.

Sources:


https://www.warhistoryonline.com/world-war-ii/sinking-tirpitz-eu-battleship.html

Picture:

https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/V-2_lift-off-2-e1396520167626.jpg

https://pimeakronikka.blogspot.fi/p/why-were-german-wonder-weapons-so-big.html

Space X's Falcon 9, the new way to make rockets

Falcon 9 first stage recycling test
(Picture I) 

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/space-xs-falcon-9-new-way-to-make.html

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Space X-corporations "Falcon" rocket is representing the new way to make rockets. The rocket itself doesn't need massive space centers, and it can operate anywhere, where finds hydrogen and oxygen. The rocket would lift off and land to any helicopter landing site, and the noise of this construction is, of course, the big problem. The normal vehicle, what can be used with this rocket seems to be the ship, where this new kind of shuttle would operate. In the pictures, this rocket operates from normal space centers, but when we are thinking the capacity of this vehicle, in the future it could operate from anywhere, there is no need to avoid the noise.

I know, why also Pentagon is very interested in this kind of rockets, what can use many times. That rocket would allow NRO (National Reconnaissance Office) to send their satellites anywhere from the Earth, and this kind of heavy rockets can also operate with modern miniature shuttles, what can be used as an anti-satellite, reconnaissance and other missions like giving service for satellites. The concept of Falcon would allow making new kind of Moon shuttles, what can travel between Moon and Earth, and bring samples of the dust also from the asteroid belt.


Also, this kind of concept could work as the base for Mars lander, what would bring samples from red planet to the Earth. Those Falcon rockets can also operate with huge airships, and in this scenario, the rocket would transfer to a very big distance from cities by using airship or big cargo-plane, and then it can be launched to the orbital trajectory. This is the very good point when we are thinking about the noise of space rockets.


This kind of concepts can operate from normal airfields, and they can be shoot to the orbiting trajectory far from the sea. When we are thinking about the innovation of this rocket, the engineers might be stolen the idea of this marvelous spacecraft from "Tintin" cartoon, where the main character flies to the moon by using functionally similar rocket than this "Falcon" is.

Sources:

http://www.spacex.com/news/2013/03/31/reusability-key-making-human-life-multi-planetary

http://www.spacex.com/falcon9

https://www.theverge.com/2017/3/28/15071288/spacex-launch-recycled-falcon-9-rocket-landing-schedule

https://www.space.com/40545-spacex-new-falcon-9-rocket-launch-landing-success.html?utm_source=notification


Picture I:

https://cdn.vox-cdn.com/thumbor/ZheH1geaomaziNDFpcKDzBY5kh0=/0x0:3000x2000/1200x800/filters:focal(1260x760:1740x1240)/cdn.vox-cdn.com/uploads/chorus_image/image/53935213/25787998624_3ca213be1e_o.0.jpg

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/space-xs-falcon-9-new-way-to-make.html

Wernher Von Braun, and using empty rocket stages as the revolver-shape space station.

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/wernher-von-braun-and-using-empty.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/wernher-von-braun-and-using-empty.html

Astronauts, robots and virtual reality (Project CODE EVA (Enhanced Vehicle Agent))

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/astronauts-robots-and-virtual-reality.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/astronauts-robots-and-virtual-reality.html