The pulse-detonation scramjet engines can make the new type of hypersonic flight possible.

There are two versions of the pulse-detonation wave engines. The first one is the flap scramjet. 

That engine is the modified version of the flap jet engine. During WW2, Germans used that engine in a V-1 cruise missile. The flap scramjet is the scramjet engine that has a flap system. When the speed is too slow for ignition of the scramjet engine the system injects an oxygen fuel mixture into that engine. 

And that engine uses regular rocket mode until the aircraft is about Mach-6-7 when operators open the air intakes. Then the system can start to use air from the atmosphere. That thing makes the system very powerful and multi-use. 

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The pistol shrimp has given an idea for PDWS systems. 

The idea of the Pulse-Detonation Wave System ( PDWS) is coming from the pistol shrimp. That small shrimp can create a low-pressure bubble in water. 

The temperature in that bubble rises to 5000 kelvins. And that thing causes a very strong sound. If an engine system can create a similar bubble in the rocket- or jet engine that thing can create pulses, that thing can increase the thrust of the engine for a short time. The simultaneously created bubbles can make the system give those punches or power impulses in series. 

The way how pistol shrimps can make those bubbles can model to nanomachines. And that thing can make it possible to create engines that use mechanical systems like fast-moving scissors, fast-moving membranes, or electric arcs to create engine systems that can operate without combustion. 

In some versions, the system can make the bubble by pulling the piston in a closed chamber that is filled with water backward. And then more water will inject into that chamber. The low pressure makes water vaporize. And then the injected water increases pressure. So this kind of system can make it possible to create flying machines or high-speed underwater systems that will need no propellers or combustion in their reaction engines. 

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The main problem with hypersonic engines is that they are straight tubes. If the firefront moves too far away from the combustion chamber that will decrease the thrust. The system can eliminate that effect by creating a bubble in the exhaust tube. 

But there is another way to think about hypersonic engines. And one version of how to increase the thrust of the system is to put bubbles in the exhaust tube. That thing makes it possible to create a situation where the system can punch against the bubble. That bubble increases the force that punches forward of the engine.

In ion engines, the magnetic stick has the same polarity as the flowing ions that can make that kind of bubble. The idea is that the system can create the bubble or the front in an ion engine. That system will increase the thrust of that system. 

https://ourmarinespecies.com/c-shrimp/pistol-shrimps/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavitation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb

Hypersonic flight will be the next fundamental advantage in aviation.

Hypersonic flight is the key to the next-generation missiles and aircraft as well as space shuttles in civil and military sectors. Aircraft that can jump outside the atmosphere and then return can be the next-generation solutions. There are rocket-based hypersonic missiles already in use. But the Scramjet-powered systems are new. 

Hypersonic missiles can launch from aircraft or by using a rocket. They can equip with powerful microwave systems that can damage electronics or even melt targets. 

Launching those weapons from aircraft is similar to a regular cruise or air-launch ballistic missile. If the weapon is shot by using a ground-based rocket the process is a little bit different. The rocket will jump outside the atmosphere. And then the hypersonic missile can get enough speed. That the scramjet engine can start. The scramjet or hypersonic ramjet-based systems can also launch from the regular runways. 

There are three versions of that kind of engine system. The first one is that the aircraft lifts off by using regular turbojets. Then when the speed is high enough the aircraft transfers to use the ramjet engine. And when the aircraft's speed rises to Mach seven or seven times higher than the speed of sound. It starts the fuel injection to the scramjet engine. 

The B-2 Stealth bomber over the Pacific. The hypersonic stealth bombers can be the most destructive systems ever created. (Image Wikipedia: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit)

There are no moving parts in the scramjet engine. The airflow or the fuel-air mixture's friction causes heat. 

That heat ignites the fuel. Which can be liquid hydrogen. The liquid hydrogen can also decrease the temperature of the core of the engine and aircraft. 

And the problem with scramjet is that the speed of that engine must be over Mach 6 so that the scramjet can ignite the fuel.  Another version is to make the airflow through scramjet with extremely high speed. 

That thing can be happened by connecting the hypersonic wind tunnel behind the scramjet engine. That wind tunnel can pull the air through the scramjet, and the friction will engine the fuel. 

But there is the possibility to create the ion scramjet. The engine ionizes air at the front of it. And then the magnetic track will pull those ions back. The magnetic track requires electricity. That's why portable lightweight nuclear reactors are promising tools to give fuel supply for that kind of device. 

The hypersonic stealth bombers are the most capable systems in the military world. Those bombers can attack very fast on every side of Earth. The large-size hypersonic aircraft can also transport people and cargo all around the Earth very fast. And if the hypersonic engines use hydrogen as the fuel they have no carbon emission. 

https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/04/collins-aerospace-creates-group-make-hypersonic-weapons-next-generation-aircraft/365601/

https://eurasiantimes.com/us-aims-to-develop-next-gen-fighters-hypersonic-missiles-with-new/?amp

https://thepointsguy.com/news/fresh-investment-brings-the-hypersonic-flight-dream-closer-to-reality/

Image: https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Hypersonic flight requires new types of materials.

Image 1) Image of what is believed to be a Chinese hypersonic aircraft. (CCTV screenshot)(https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/)

Nanotechnology is one of the most interesting things in aviation. The Chinese claim that they have hypersonic aircraft that are using plasma-ion thrusters. Plasma-ion thruster or electric jet engine is one of the most powerful engine types in the world. The idea of the system is that the air will ionize at the front of the engine. 

And then the magnetic accelerator drives it through the engine. The heat stress is very high at hypersonic flight. Friction is a very big problem in the speed of Mach 8+. There is the possibility that the aircraft's core is covered with nanotechnical rolls. Those rolls can make friction lower. But they can also be used to collect energy for electric jet engines. 

Synthetic dimensions and quantum technology can be far bigger steps for aviation than quantum technology. 

Those technologies are making it possible to create the ultimate stealth system. The idea of this system is similar to the neutron bomb. When a neutron bomb explodes the radiation will impact neutrons that are sending wave movement. The wavelength of that radiation is the same as the diameter of the neutron. But also protons and electrons are sending similar radiation if they are stressed by using electromagnetic radiation. 

The most futuristic spacecraft that was ever studied was the fusion-antimatter-powered system that looked like a saucer. There was the tokamak-type reactor around the edge of the saucer-shaped structure. And the radiation of that reactor was planned to use for creating antimatter. There was an image of that saucer in the book of inventions. But as you might know, technology was not at a high enough level at that time. 

The fusion reactor can use for pushing the quantum fields away from the spacecraft. And that thing makes it possible to create the WARP bubble around the craft. 

Another name for WARP-bubble is the synthetic dimension. There are two types of those bubbles. 

One is the traditional WARP-bubble or electromagnetic vacuum. That removes the doppler effect. Or shorts the wave movement ahead of the object. There is no wave movement in that bubble. 

Because there is no wave movement there is no Doppler effect. And nothing should limit the speed of the object. 

Another is the electron or proton cloud that is stressed with radiation. That thing makes the synthetic dimension around the object that can cause time dilation inside it. 

If we think the system is made by using graphene. That thing allows using the annihilation radiation to make the WARP bubble around that craft. But there is the possibility to deliver the antimatter around that craft. That thing makes the annihilation outside the structure that can rotate extremely fast. That fast-rotating structure can use for making the time dilation.

When the craft rotates near the speed of light in the WARP bubble. And then the bubble will be removed it causing the Cherenkov-effect. In that case, the outer edge of the craft moves a short time faster than the light. 

If annihilation happens outside the spacecraft that effect pushes the structures inside. The annihilation radiation can use to make the synthetic dimensions around the spacecraft. That thing makes those systems more capable than any other system. When we are thinking about the case that the electron cloud is stressed by electromagnetic radiation. 

That thing makes electrons send the same type of radiation with neutrons. All particles neutrons, protons, and electrons are sending radiation when they are facing radiation stress. And that radiation can make those objects invisible. Or it can cause time dilation inside that electron cloud. That means the spacecraft will surround by using a synthetic dimension that gives the pilot more time to react because the time moves slower in that "cube". 

https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://interestingengineering.com/this-electric-jet-engine-could-lead-to-carbon-neutral-air-travel

https://www.nasa.gov/centers/glenn/about/fs23grc.html

https://scitechdaily.com/physicists-manipulate-electrons-to-create-synthetic-dimensions/

https://thedebrief.org/darpa-funded-researchers-accidentally-create-the-worlds-first-warp-bubble/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cherenkov_radiation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster

Image 1:)https://eurasiantimes.com/china-determined-to-have-a-fleet-of-hypersonic-planes-by-2035/

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Scramjet engines and how to start them?

Ramjet engines are used in missiles for several years. But placing those engines in aircraft is the new thing. Sometimes is expected that the legendary "Aurora system" was simple the ramjet-driven concept aircraft. The difference between ramjet and scramjet engines is that ramjet is meant for supersonic speed. And scramjet is meant for hypersonic flight.  

 Ramjet and scramjet engines are the systems that need certain airspeed for ignition. The super- and hypersonic engines have no moving parts. They are tubes that have a certain form. That form causes friction what will ignite the fuel- and oxygen mixture. The acceleration to the necessary speed can happen by using certain engine types in stages. At the first. The turbojet will accelerate the aircraft to the speed where the ramjet can start. 

Then ramjets will accelerate the aircraft to speed where scramjet can begin its operation. That kind of staged engine solution gives the aircraft also capacity to operate at a slow speed. Another way is to combinate rocket and ramjet or scramjet engines. The iris or flap can close the air inlet and then the engine system can use internal oxygen. When the speed of the aircraft is high enough. That system can turn to take oxygen from the atmosphere. 

But there is another way to start the ramjet or scramjet. 

The system must only make a vacuum behind the nozzle. In that case, the vacuum will just pull the gas through the scramjet or ramjet engine. And that thing makes those systems ignite the fuel. Those high-speed engines use some other fuel than kerosene. 

Acetone, propane, methane, acetylene, or hydrogen are the most promising things. The liquid hydrogen is a useful thing. In that case, the liquid hydrogen can use for cooling the core of the super- or hypersonic aircraft. If the scramjet engine can start on the airfield. 

That thing makes the aircraft lighter. The rocket ramjets and scramjets require internal oxygen. The thing why those hypersonic aircraft are interesting. Is that they can fly to ballistic trajectory outside the atmosphere. 

So the idea is simple. There is a hypersonic wind tunnel in the base. Then the hypersonic aircraft will position in the wind tunnel and the vacuum will ignite the engines. Then the hatches will open. And aircraft can fly away. Those hypersonic aircraft can return by gliding to the ground. 

Another thing is that there is the possibility to connect ramjets or scramjets. With conventional aircraft bodies. The aircraft can launch that supersonic or hypersonic engine by forming a vacuum behind the aircraft just like the wind tunnel makes. The idea is just to increase the airflow in those very simple-looking but otherways complicated engines. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_(aircraft)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypersonic_speed

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersonic_speed

Image:) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

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