How are genomes traveling between species?

In distant islands, researchers are investigating how genomes are jumping between species. The genome exchange over species is known in the world of bacteria. But populations with limited living space are good subjects for research on how genomes jump between higher and more complicated species. The main genome transporter is retroviral. But there is also the possibility. 

That insects or some other more complicated parasites are transferring blood or some other cells between species. And those cells can also transport genomes between distances. There is the possibility that the DNA bites can jump between species. 

Those DNA bites can connect to the genomes of the new species.  When animals are on distant islands. If they have no mates from the same species they can also make crossbreeds. In some distant islands lives their species. 

But there are also "islands" on dry lands things like Taita-hills in southern Africa offer a similar place for evolution with distant islands. Those dry-land islands like Taita or some high mountains like Kilimanjaro or Mt. Kenya are places where evolution can follow a similar timeline to those remote areas. 

Taita Hills are forming the dry land island. 

In remote or isolated areas, some animals degenerate. Degeneration makes the immune defense weak. That thing makes it possible that retroviruses can transfer genomes more effectively than if the species' immune defense works as it should. 

In genetic research, the term "island" means an area that isolates the population. Things like city parks form man-made isolated islands where the population lives isolated. And there is the possibility that the creatures can separate from their main species. That thing happened in Galapagos. But also other isolated areas are offering a platform where that separation can happen. 

New York Central Park is one of the man-made islands. 

Things like New York Central Park are man-made islands if we think of them as isolated places. The Streets and buildings are forming hostile areas around those parks. And in those areas, little animals like insects and mice are in extreme danger. In those areas, some cats and vehicles can kill those small animals. 

From the perspective of animals living in those parks, those areas are actually in the middle of the desert. And that thing can cause similar genome exchange between species. There are not so many cats or some small predators in the city parks. That thing forms the place where genomes can jump between species. 

Hostile areas around the environment can isolate them very effectively. The thing that forms an evolutionary island is the area that isolates the population in some areas. 

The island must not be very far away from the mainland that it forms an isolated area. Hindrances are not necessarily natural. 

Humans can also make islands where the animal populations are very isolated. Things like highways and cities can form areas that can isolate the population in areas. Animals can find a safe place against predators from city parks. And that thing causes degeneration as I wrote earlier. 

In closed areas, retroviruses can jump between species because individuals degenerate. Degeneration causes the immune defense of individuals is collapsing. And that thing makes it possible. DNA bites and viruses can connect to other species more effectively than usual.

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-genes-can-leap-from-snakes-to-frogs-20221027/

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Zombie cells and HIV viruses are promoting aging.

 

"Senescent cells, or “zombie cells,” are unique in that they ultimately cease multiplying but do not die off as expected." (ScitechDaily.com/Age Accelerating “Zombie Cells” – A New Study Sheds Light on These Unique Cells)

The term zombie cell means a cell that self-destruction is disturbed. That thing causes an effect, where those cells cannot die as they should. Those over-aged cells might affect aging and early stages of cancer. The forming of the zombie cell can be connected to the mitochondria. 

Mitochondria are small organelles that are giving energy to the cells. Somewhere in history mitochondria were independent organisms. Mitochondria have their DNA that is separated from the cell's main DNA.  And they divide independently.  When a cell dies the mitochondria should stop the energy production. 

But somehow the mitochondria continue their work after the calculated time. When the cell dies, the nucleus sends a mark to mitochondria to shut themselves down. When energy production of the cell ends it dies.

The metabolism products of the mitochondria are the mark that the cell is living. And even if the cell itself sends the mark that it's going to die, mitochondria continue their work that denies the immune cell to destroy that zombie cell.

Zombie cells are causing cancer because their DNA can face more damage than regular cells. And because those cells cannot die causes that those cells form "daughter cells", which DNA is not acting as it should. 

And that thing causes cancer. But the zombie cells can increase the aging process. The reason for that might be in the immune system. When the cell is aging it sends chemical marks that tell its condition to immune cells. When the cell is advancing in a certain stage in its life, it sends the "stand by for eating me" to immune cells whose mission is to remove remnants of the dead cell. Then the cell sends its final mark and the immune cell destroys it. 

That "stand by" mark tells that the core of the cell must turn thin. And the immune cells start to prepare for the destruction process. The purpose of that process is to deny the spread of programmed cell death. During that process, the antigens are affecting also the DNA by cutting its telomers. If the final mark of the death of the cells is not coming the immune cell continues its preparation process. 

And those antigens are starting to spread in the body. Those antigens are cutting the DNA in other cells. The thing that supports this theory is that HIV viruses are also increasing the speed of aging. The anti-HIV medicals are affecting the genetic material of the viruses. And also the immune system creates antibodies that affect the DNA and RNA molecule synthesis. 

Also, the virus itself copies itself to the DNA and that causes errors in the DNA structure. The HIV is the RNA-retrovirus. When the cell divides the RNA of the retrovirus can slip into the DNA. Because the cell makes a copy of the DNA through the RNA molecules. During that process, the cell copies the entire DNA to the daughter cell.

So the RNA molecules will travel above the DNA and transfer that code to the descendant cell. If there is the RNA of the HIV the copy process will be disturbed. That thing causes the descendant cell can have mutated cell organs. 

Because the DNA and RNA molecules are shorter, this means the base-pair order is disturbed or the DNA is damaged because of HIV that thing causes the aging of the cells to be faster than usual. And because the immune system and medicines must affect the DNA that thing causes damage to the DNA molecules all around the body.

https://scitechdaily.com/age-accelerating-zombie-cells-a-new-study-sheds-light-on-these-unique-cells/

https://scitechdaily.com/hiv-accelerates-aging-by-5-years/

Image: ) https://scitechdaily.com/age-accelerating-zombie-cells-a-new-study-sheds-light-on-these-unique-cells/

The slow version of "Star Trek's" material transfer system (3D-Bioprinters)

(Picture I)

Kimmo Huosionmaa

This text is still in fiction, but after a couple of years, we can probably make copies of human bodies. If the system can make copies of organs, it can copy all body. There is a very funny thing in my mind about the "material transfer system", what is used in "Star Trek". This system bases a joke, where some laboratory worker ask another one "what kind of goo, is flowing out from that test tube"? And this is so-called "slow material transfer".


The slow version of that material transfer system is actually spacecraft, or probe, what is equipped with a 3D-bioprinter, and the tissue culture, what is used in future to print organs for some patient. In this version, all tissues of the persons, who would be wanted to transfer would be planted, by taking all organ of that person a tissue sample and after that those tissues would be cultured in some dishes in laboratories.


In to those cells can transfer the genomes, what makes them multiply extremely fast, and in theory that would allow copying human body in a couple of months, and when there would be enough cells, could those genomes removed by using nanotechnology.  And then those tissues would be the load to that probe. Then that probe would be landed, and then 3D bioprinters would start to make the copy of that person, and when the body is ready, would the EEG-be transferred to the brains by using electric shock equipment.


And after that, the heart would be started with the electric shock. I got this idea from those 3D-bioprinters, what are planned to make organs by using tissue cultures, and those systems can be used to get new livers to persons, who are getting cancer in that organ. And also other organs like heart and eyes are planned to make with that system, and if that system can make copies of every organ in the human body, can it make copies of humans. And this kind of things is very fascinating but scary.


Only thing, what those systems need is to get only one cell from every organ, and then it can copy the body. Neurons can be made from other cells by using retroviruses, what transforms the cells to other. In that case, we could, in theory, take any cells, and replace their genomes by using retroviruses, what would transfer right genomes to those cells. This kind of technology is a quite scary thing, and it can be used in some dark operations to hide the loss of the operator.

Sources:

https://www.nature.com/articles/nbt.2958

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3D_bioprinting

https://www.drugtargetreview.com/article/23168/3d-bioprinting-science-fiction-reality/

Picture I

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https://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/

Chimera and the Bellefonte

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/chimera-and-bellefonte.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/chimera-and-bellefonte.html

Find your heritage, by sending the DNA for some laboratory and the advantage of the genetic engineering.

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/find-your-heritage-by-sending-dna-for.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/find-your-heritage-by-sending-dna-for.html