Bees are making decisions more effectively than humans.

 Bees are making decisions more effectively than humans.

The reason why researchers are researching the bees' nervous system is simple. Researchers can use this kind of data can use to develop next-generation AI-based infrastructures. The CPU in non-centralized neural networks only delivers missions to the system. 

The idea is that the CPU (Central Processing Unit) delivers the mission to the sub-system. That can be the RISC (Reduced instruction set computer system). When we think about the human-looking robots, the pneumatic-hydraulic system and the microprocessors that control them are RISC systems. 

Many times before this researchers claim that insects make faster and more precise than humans. There are a couple of reasons why insects like bees make better decisions than humans. If we compare the bees to humans bees are like RISC operators. RISC-operator is a computer that has fewer actions than a regular PC. 

That makes RISC -devices more effective than PCs but their operational sector or skills are more limited than regular PCs have. If we compare a bee with a human that situation is similar as we compare a pocket calculator with a PC. We can make basic calculations faster if we use a pocket calculator. 

Then if we use a PC for that thing we need a computer program and the regular keyboard is not as fast as a pocket calculator. But a regular PC can do many other things. Then just calculate some basic calculations. The number of skills of that computer depends on the data and programs that it has access to. 

The bee has a limited number of skills. And that means there are not many choices that the bee's nervous system can use to select the necessary operations. In the bee's nervous system are not many neurons. And that means the bee must not go through about 100 billion neurons when the bee wants to make something. There are about 950,000 neurons in the bee's brain.

In the brain, the number of physical neurons is not important in the case of decisions. In the thinking process, the most important thing is how to interconnect memory cells into new virtual neurons that can interconnect their data together. 

"New research unveils the decision-making pathways in bee brains, shedding light on their ability to quickly and accurately assess flowers for nectar, which could inspire more autonomous robot designs. The study, led by various academic experts, also emphasizes the efficiency of evolutionarily refined insect brains that could guide future AI development in industries. Credit: Théotime Colin" (Researchers Discover That Bees Can Make Decisions Better and Faster Than We Do)

In reflexes, the position of those memory cells is more important. The thing that makes the reflex effective is the position of memory cells. If memory cells are close to muscle cells each of those cells includes multiple images. That thing makes them more effective. In this case, the net eyes of the bee send images to neurons. 

The image always activates neurons and it sends signals to muscles. The reason for multiple connections in a bee's brain is that the eyes send images to the memory cells. The thing that determines do the bee escapes or not is how many memory cells activate. So the bee's nervous system doesn't send anything back. 

All impulses travel in the same direction. And when they activate the neurons that control muscles, those cells send the signals to muscles anyway. That means some decisions that bees make are a series of reflexes. That causes the question: Do human thinking and human actions also series of reflexes? What if a bee has 200 billion reflexes?

But I don't know if that number is made by calculating physical neurons or if that number is obtained by calculating virtual neurons, which form when neurons interconnect with other neurons. There are more synaptic connections in bee's brains than in human brains. And my opinion is that. We should rather calculate virtual neurons than physical neurons. 

Every connection between the bee's brain cells same way as in the human brain gives a new state to that system. Theoretically is possible that researchers create a single neuron system that is as intelligent as humans. But that thing requires the neuron to have 300 billion circular connections where the axon is connected to that neuron itself. 

Bee's brains are acting in a similar way to human brains. There are memory cells. And every memory cell involves some sensorial data or reaction for those senses. Some other memory cells tell neurons and the router cells how they must send signals to the muscle cells. 

If we think that a bee has a limited number of actions. We can understand why it's so effective. We can think that all skills are memories. And memories are stored in some kind of warehouse. If the number of skills that bees have is like a book, the human has warehouse class skills and abilities. If we had only about 5 or four skills and we had to select from them the selection process would be very fast. But if we have 100 or more skills that gives a response to the event. 

That our senses send to us that thing takes far longer time than in the case that we have only 5 or fewer skills. All skills that humans have formed from sub-skills. So the network or the puzzle of neurons that form virtual neurons is making all our skills. Our skills are more complicated than some bees whose only mission is to find food and then return to the nest. So the only skill that the bee needs is how to find food. And then how to avoid the predators. 

https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-discover-that-bees-can-make-decisions-better-and-faster-than-we-do/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reduced_instruction_set_computer

The brain is full of silent synapses.

 

There are millions of silent or cold synapses in our brains. In this text, the terms "silent", cold and dead synapses mean the same thing. We are using only a part of our brain potential. Sometimes some researchers created models to increase the number of used neurons. But those ideas have remained at the philosophical level. 

There are reserve neurons in the brain. That mission is to replace neurons that are in danger. When the brain must renew some of its neurons. It must transfer all memory blocks stored in that neuron to the next generation. The memory blocks that are gone with dead neuron is the reason. For we say that "neurons will not renew". 

When memory blocks stored in the neuron are gone, the next generation neuron cannot make the same missions as its successor. 

There is the possibility that those silent neurons are used only in early brain development. That means when brains are in progress. Those silent synapses are used to create and control the neural networks forming at very young ages. 

The large number of synapses that are not in use must have some purpose. The brain will not make anything that has no part in its entirety. Some people believe that those used synapses are needed when people are sleeping. 

There is a possibility that the human brain uses different neural tracks for sleeping. And especially when the person sees dreams. When a person sleeps the neural network loads its neurotransmitters. And maybe some of those cold synapses are meant for secondary connections. 

The reason why the brain is full of "dead" or silent synapses can have a connection with renewing neurons. The cold synapses might be reserved for transferring data to the next generation of neurons. Or maybe those cold synapses are meant for interaction between the brain and immune cells. 

That means those cold synapses send neurotransmitters to immune cells. And of course, they can receive neurotransmitters. The reason that makes those cold synapses interesting is that everything in the brain is important. 

There is no part in the human body without purpose. And that makes neurology so fascinating. We cannot remove anything from the human body without knowing its function, or we can make very large-size damage. 

Knowledge about the cells ad their actions in the human body is important in medical research. The medicines must affect only the points where they are useful. If medicine affects too large areas, that thing means that they turn harmful. 

And one problem in medical research is how to make medicine separate harmful cells from helpful cells. The medicines must not destroy things like neural structure. If it makes that thing, it causes very bad damage. And that's why medical researchers need precise information about the human body.  

https://scitechdaily.com/surprising-discovery-mit-neuroscientists-find-that-adult-brain-is-filled-with-millions-of-silent-synapses/

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Researchers found the genome that makes the human brain.

By observing anomalies, researchers can find how the brain works and forms. When there is some kind of anomaly in brain structure researchers can make the genetic map of a person. And then look for differences in the DNA sequences that control the brain and its development. 

The brain is morphing throughout its entire life. That means connections inside living adults' brains, are not fixed. 

The brain can form new connections during its entire life. And that allows us to learn new things even if we are adults. 

Locating those sequences is an easy thing. The DNA sequences that control brain advancement are the most rarely used base pairs. 

The neural network in the brain morphs all the time. And that thing allows us to learn new things. 

But the same ability makes us forget things. The brain always removes unnecessary memory marks. 

The reason why our brain forgets things is that it doesn't have to grow its database enormously. And if some memories are not needed. Brain removes it. 

The reason for that is if there are lot of unnecessary data the brain must check those cells anyway. And large data mass makes them slower. 

Even if the brain can store and handle enormous data mass. There are limits to its storage capacity. And when the brain removes unused memory, it makes space for new skills. 

Researchers found a genome that coordinates brain growth. That thing allows them to create mice that have similar neural structures to humans. This makes it possible to research learning and other kinds of processes in the brain. But those genomes can also make it possible to create animals that can learn faster and more effectively than natural animals. 

Finding the genome that controls the development of the brain is the thing that can also make the "monkey soldiers", Stalin's mad dream real. The thing is that researchers can develop new types of species that have certain abilities. And that thing makes genetic research very dangerous. 

That kind of research makes it possible to create also a new type of pet and animal helpers. Those animal helpers can make jobs for their owners. There is a possibility that pets with improved brain capacity can assist people who have limitations. 

The ability to connect human brain cells to mice and make them form new networks also makes it possible to connect animals like dogs or wolves cells to the human brain. Those animals are following their leaders. 

And if those brain areas that are making them act a certain way in the pack would copy to the human brain, that allows the creation of obedient humans who follow their leaders all the time. But the same technology that lab-grown human neurons will inject into the brain can fix large-scale neural damage in the case of accidents. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/lab-grown-human-cells-form-working-circuits-in-rat-brains-20221012/

https://www.science.org/content/article/human-neurons-merge-rat-brain-control-senses

https://scitechdaily.com/adult-brain-structure-is-not-fixed-scientists-discover-depression-treatment-increases-brain-connectivity/amp

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https://fromplatoscavetoreality.blogspot.com/

How do operators control computers by using EEG waves?

Brain implants are the ultimate tools. But if we want to control a computer by using EEG waves we can use so-called intelligent eyeglasses. In that case, the eyeglass headband will register the EEG signals. That comes from Wernicke's area of the brain. 

Wernicke's area is the area that produces speech. And Brocka's area is the area where humans understand speech. So if we want to create eyes- or sunglasses that communicate precisely with those areas that thing is quite simple. Those areas are in the points where the glasses headband normally is. As you can see from image 2. 

That thing makes computers easy to communicate with the brain. And that thing can use as the enhanced speech command system that allows the person to command computers just by using extremely low noise. 

Image 2. The location of Brocka and Wernicke areas. 

But when we think about the brain implants that are used to communicate with computers we face one thing. Those systems can use to hack human thoughts. That thing means that if the observer has the right systems that person can hack our thoughts. The needed thing is the BlueTooth or some other system. That can use to transmit the EEG curves to the mobile telephone. And the miniaturized microchips are making it possible to make very small invisible systems. 

When we are thinking about microchips. That causes pleasure for humans we are facing one thing. Those microchips can use to control the interest and behavior of the person who has that system. When a person makes something against the controller's will controller activates the bad feeling. And when the person will make something that pleases the controller, the controller activates electric signals to the feel-good center in the brain. 

Bad and good feelings are the thing that can create by stimulating the right brain area by using electric shocks. That thing makes a person feel good and feel bad when the person who uses microchips will send the right electric stimulation to the right brain area. That thing can make so-called electric doping possible. 

During electric doping, the person will get a good feeling during the sports because of the electric stimulation. That is targeted to the good felling-center. And that thing makes the performance feel good. This kind of therapy can use to orient the person to the schools or something like that. 

https://futurism.com/neoscope/als-tweets-brain-implant

https://futurism.com/neoscope/ethics-implant-delivers-pleasure-brain

https://futurism.com/neoscope/earbuds-spy-brain-signals

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broca%27s_area

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area

Image:2: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wernicke%27s_area

How does the brain decide future brain or future profit? (Life is a game)

We can find the answer to that thing from the game theory. If a person sacrifices something. That sacrifice can bring lots of glory to that person. 

The question in the heading is simple. Why some people will climb Mount Everest? And another person sits in an armchair and watches TV at home? Or why some people will go to schools that cause personal financial losses while somebody goes to the pub and works as a cleaner? Why somebody chooses things that are causing pain?

Why do some people turn to war heroes serving in voluntary commando teams where training is extremely hard? And another will make only, what superior officers are saying. And why some people are going to evening school? Even if they would have a chance to sit in the pub and talk with their mates? 

Those solutions seem very different. But they are involving the same thing. The person makes sacrifices to earn something which seems meaningless. That means the person goes to make voluntarily the solution that seems wrong. But later that solution can bring lots of gold and glory. 

Even if they had a chance to choose another way and take a profit. The answer to the painful solution is simple. People who choose, pain can think about the thing after the next solution. Their way to think is if they feel pain, they will get more benefits and respect after that painful solution. 

This thing is the key element in so-called game theory. The nucleus of game theory is that the individual maximizes their benefit in their group. So the thing that makes the brain decide between future pain or future profit is determinating in game theory. Future pain can also mean future benefits. 

Things like extreme adventures, sports, and other kinds of stuff require lots of work. And they are sometimes very painful experiences. But then after that experience, the individual will get respect and glory. And that is the thing that makes those people very farsighted. They can think over the thing that seems painful. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-does-your-brain-decide-between-future-pain-and-future-profit/

Why do all brain models fail?

The brain is one system. And if we want to make the model of the system, we must know all parts of it. The problem with the brain models is that there are so many variables that researchers cannot make a fully working model. The fact is that brains are commonly similar to all people. 

But there are individual differences. And those differences make a suitable and working universal model of the brain impossible to create. 

Researchers can make universal models by interconnecting information from multiple brains. Those models are not working with single individuals. The reason for that is simple. 

The researchers created those models by interconnecting information from multiple brains. Those models are averages, their accuracy is not enough for individual cases. They can tell commonly about what the brain is.  But they cannot make any individual fitting to those models. 

We know that there are cells with axon connections. And neurotransmitters along with electricity that is making the brain. But the fact is that we don't know the exact roles of each cell and cell group in the brain. We know that neurons play the main role in the brain. But also other cell groups like immune cells communicate with neurons. 

The role of those cells in the thinking process is unknown. We know that also immune cells can make neurotransmitters. And they can follow the orders of the neurons. But how complicated is this interaction? We don't know what else information cells exchange in that process than the information about the condition of the immune cell. 

And another thing is that our entire nervous system can participate in the thinking process. The thing that remains a mystery is the role of neurons that locating outside the brain in this activity. 

Dreams are the biggest mystery in the human brain. 

Things like dreams are a mystery to us. Why we are spending half of our life sleeping? Why are dreams made like they are? The first question is why we cannot separate reality and dreams.  

Dreams are the reality for us when we are sleeping. And there is the possibility that if something can control our dreams, that thing can cause sleep paralysis that can even kill the person in fear. Or if the nightmares are repeating simultaneously that thing can make the person so tired that normal routines are impossible. 

In some theories, during history, the REM periods are formed for testing axons and neurons. In that model, REM periods are testing the connection and conditions of the neurons. There is the possibility that nightmares are alarm clocks. Their mission is to tell that everything is not right. The remarkable thing about nightmares is that sometimes people remember nightmares. 

But why cannot people remember good dreams? Why are nightmares dominating people? Is it possible that people don't need at least remember good dreams at all? 

The simultaneous repeating nightmares have a connection with serious nervous disorders. The níghtmares are also warning a person that something is not all right. And that thing means that dreams must have the mission to analyze observations that people are made during the daytime. 

There is the possibility that during deep-sleep is some kind of dream. But that thing is purely speculation. The thing is that REM-dream is only a short period in the sleep period. And the rest of the sleeping time must have some kind of purpose. 

During sleep, neurons are working with some kind of problems. But the problem is why we cannot remember those things. The reason why the REM period is a mystery is that this period seems to whip out something else from the cortex and consciousness. 

https://scitechdaily.com/predicting-the-behavior-and-health-of-individuals-why-do-brain-models-fail/

Yale researchers discovered why the human brain is different.

"Yale researchers have identified human-specific features in the prefrontal cortex".(Scitechdaily.com/Yale Scientists Discover Clues to What Makes the Human Brain Different)

Yale researchers mapped physical differences in the human brain. There found multiple different cell types in the human brain. Researchers mapped cell types that are common with all species. And they found also five cell types that are common only in humans and chimpanzees. One of the most interesting founding was brain-specific immune cells. 

That kind of research might answer why the human brain is so powerful. But also the things like brain-specific immune cells can give a tip, on why somebody will get things like brain cancer or Parkinson's. There is more about that research in the link below this text. 

This kind of research can answer the question, why do only humans have the ability to think abstractly? Abstraction is the ability to model things in mind. And that ability allows we can plan things and transfer data to other humans by using spoken language and drawing pictures. 

When we know how the human brain works we can also get an answer, to why our brain uses only a small part of the energy that computers need. Another interesting thing is why only humans seem to have psychosomatic diseases. 

Are those diseases the result of the situation that the brain cells are connecting with the wrong neurons? That might form the wrong type of virtual neuron that can launch a chain reaction and that thing pulls other neurons to the same situation. 

The brain is the neural network that can interact with other networks.  For operating effectively, the neural network requires multiple connections. But thinking and planned actions require that the neural network can operate in two directions. When the senses see something the neural system must hold the operation. 

The ability to postpone the action helps humans to see if there are other predators near the prey. Most of our abilities are connected with getting food. And the ability to postpone an attack makes it possible to make sure that nothing is following the hunter. 

The ability to postpone an attack makes it possible that individuals can collect more information about their environment. If a hunter is alone and sees something like a small antelope that is suitable for dinner the stone-age hunter must first see that there are not some other predators or overwhelming hostile villains before that person starts to attack. There is always the possibility that some savages are trying to steal that food. And that's why we can postpone things. 

 

https://scitechdaily.com/yale-scientists-discover-clues-to-what-makes-the-human-brain-different/

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Why thinking hard makes people tired?

"New research shows that prolonged, intense cognitive work causes potentially toxic byproducts to build up in the part of the brain known as the prefrontal cortex". (ScitechDaily.com/Mental Fatigue Is No Illusion: Scientists Figure Out Why Thinking Hard Makes You Tired)

There is the possibility that we are tired during cognitive thinking for two reasons. The brain needs to reload its neurotransmitters. And if the temperature in the brain is rising too high. Cognitive operations turn difficult when the temperature rises. Especially when this happens inside the brain. 

The high temperature inside the brain causes the control of enzymes and other chemical processes to turn difficult. When neurons work hard their metabolism turns high level. The products of the metabolism of hard-working neurons also accumulate in the brain when a person thinks hard. 

And brain needs to decrease its temperature low enough that it can effectively continue its cognitive thinking process. So our brain requires sleep and breaks too. 

Getting tired is the mark that the brain needs a little break. And during that break called "sleep", they will decrease their temperature and reload neurotransmitters.  

Researchers found that when a person thinks the toxic byproducts are accumulating in the brain area called the "prefrontal cortex". That thing might be one of the reasons why we are getting tired while we are sleeping hard. But other things are involved in that process. When a person does cognitive work neurons in the brain are changing data. And during that process, they are using neurotransmitters. 

Whenever a chemical neurotransmitter crosses the synaptic border between neurons the enzyme destroys that neurotransmitter and frees the receptor in the neuron for the new neurotransmitter. So when a person thinks cognitively the neurotransmitters can go to a low level, and then the brains need to rest. During sleep, brains are reloading their neurotransmitters. The use of brains in cognitive actions requires energy. 

When the temperature in the brain goes up, cognitive performance goes down. High temperature makes it hard to control the neurotransmitters, proteins, and especially enzymes. When the temperature inside the brain turns too high the cognitive work turns too hard. And then brains get a signal that they must take a brake. That means brains will get a signal that they must go to sleep so that they can reload their neurotransmitters and make the temperature inside the brain get lower. 

https://www.cambridgebrainsciences.com/more/articles/as-temperature-goes-up-cognitive-performance-goes-down

https://scitechdaily.com/mental-fatigue-is-no-illusion-scientists-figure-out-why-thinking-hard-makes-you-tired/

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