In some visions, the saucer-shaped craft that uses an antimatter engine is someday possible. The lasers below that craft are shooting electrons away from atoms below them. Then the positrons will inject into the engine from above. That causes powerful annihilation between two layers. The idea is that the antimatter engine can be two layers that are very close to each other.
The image below this text (Image 2 introduces a hypothetical interstellar antimatter engine. In some models, the antimatter or positrons and electrons are exploded between two plates. The plate mounted backward made by using a network structure like graphene. And the plate that is froward is made by using gold or some other thick material.
One thing about electromagnetic drives is always forgotten in the texts. And that thing is the reason for the weak thrust. The reason, why EM (Electromagnetic) drives thrust is so weak is that the force that hits the front side of the engine is minimum. But there is the possibility that things like photon rockets or laser rocket engines can give more powerful thrust.
The idea is that the EM drive will aim its thrust forward. In that case, the idea is similar to the sail where the compressor blows air into the sails. In regular way to think about this kind of system is that the system aims airflow backward.
But what if the system will blow air forward to sails? That thing makes it possible to create a ship where is no sound underwater. That kind of ship would not need a propeller either. But it can be too complicated or impractical for mass production.
If we think that the laser ray or microwaves will aim to forward like in the image above this text. That can give the engine also thrust. In those systems, a laser or some other electromagnetic radiation will aim at the gold or uranium plate.
And that thing pushes the craft forward. In some other versions, the cathode ray or electron beam will target the uranium plate. The idea is that the laser- or some other electromagnetic radiation hits the metal. And that thing makes the same effect as the wind when it hits the sails.
The pressure that impacts the front plate of the combustion chamber is the thing that causes the rocket engine's thrust. The reason why hydrogen gives so low thrust is that the hydrogen doesn't give impact the front plate of the combustion chamber. And the reason for that is that the water molecules that are traveling backward are pulling the vacuum channel behind them.
In some futuristic visions, the small nuclear weapon that is launched by laser ray will be detonated in the rocket engine. That is one type of so-called Orion rocket where the small nuclear detonators are pushing the rocket forward. In that model, the system decreases the temperature of the system near absolute zero. And then the nuclear detonator will detonate inside the liquid helium. That can cause a bubble that pushes the craft faster than any craft could travel before it.
(Image 2)
Why the hydrogen fuel's thrust is so weak?
The idea for that system is taken from the hydrogen fuel in rockets. The best specific impulse for rocket engines comes from hydrogen. But the problem is that hydrogen rocket gives the weakest thrust. The high-speed specific impulse of the hydrogen causes the weak thrust.
When the water molecules that are forming when the hydrogen and oxygen are traveling backward that thing causes a vacuum. If the burning happens in the middle of the chamber and some heavier gas like nitrogen will inject below the burning point. That increases the impulse that impacts the front of the combustion chamber.
In some visions, there is a tube through the rocket. That tube pulls pressure impulse upward. And that thing should increase the power of the rocket engine.
The idea is that the lower pressure moves the combustion forward. And that increases the power of the pressure aimed forward. That kind of system can turn rocket engines more ecologically than ever before.
https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/a19728/kickstarter-interstellar-antimatter-engine/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_Orion_(nuclear_propulsion)
https://designandinnovationtales.blogspot.com/
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