Change the sound of massive stars warn that they turn to supernova.

"An artist’s impression of Betelgeuse’s supernova. Credit: European Southern Observatory/L. Calçada" (ScitechDaily.com/Explosion Imminent: Massive Stars Sound Warning They Are About To Go Supernova)

The new investigation shows that supernovas are not exploding without warning. That makes predicting those interesting and powerful phenomena more accurate. If there is the possibility to make the prediction when some star explodes. That thing opens new views to observe things like forming of neutron stars and black holes. 

The problem with supernovas is that they explode almost without warning. But making more accurate predictions makes it possible to turn telescopes into that exploding star and observe the entire explosion. 

On earth is a limited number of telescopes that can look at a certain point of the universe and find some useful data from that point. 

Observing an exploding supernova that explodes 3000 light years away from us requires extremely large telescopes. For making observations that have enough accuracy. 

Those powerful telescopes are always busy. And they are needed for many other observations. When those telescopes are following some star, they are away from something else. 

When supernovas are seen from Earth, they have already started their eruption. And that means that the beginning of that eruption is out of data. 

Certain signs give a tip that the star is going to explode. When a star loses its hydrogen fuel. It starts to burn helium. And in that process, it turns into a red giant. In those stars, helium is the main energy source. And helium fusion requires more energy than hydrogen fusion. When the fuel of the star is going to end it starts to pulsate faster and faster. 

The reason for that is that the energy that comes from fusion pushes the star's core outside. That thing decreases pressure and temperature in the nucleus of the star. When energy production turns lower the star will start to collapse until the new energy pulse pushes its core away. 

So when the fuel in the star will end that means the star is starting to pulsate faster and faster. Until the fusion material in the star ends. That causes the collapse of the star. During that collapse, the star's energy production increases to the level where it creates as much energy as it produced in its entire existence until it turned into a supernova. 

The massive energy production means that the shockwave starts to travel outside the star. The supernova always forms neutron stars or black holes, depending on its mass. A supernova is one of the most fascinating things in the universe. There is the possibility that those eruptions form warp bubbles. 

In that hypothesis, the powerful energy impact forms the situation where the supernova pushes all quantum fields from around it. Also, those extremely high-energy reactions are giving information about things like wave-particle duality. Can a high-power electromagnetic field turn the light element heavier?

Extremely large-size stars are also fascinating because they are forming also the heaviest elements of the universe. The thing that makes those stars interesting is that the supernovas can uncover when elements like uranium form.  The ability to predict the supernova explosion makes it possible to turn the observation instruments to that exploding star. 

Are those heaviest elements forming during the normal fusion reaction of the red supergiant? Or are those heaviest elements forming during the supernovas? That thing makes many very interesting thoughts in the minds of astronomers and physicists. 

https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

Image: https://scitechdaily.com/explosion-imminent-massive-stars-sound-warning-they-are-about-to-go-supernova/

Can machines predict the future?

  

 Can machines predict the future? 

In the beginning, I must say that the world is changing. The great mathematicians like Ludwig Boltzmann (1844-1906) had not had quantum computers. 

And maybe quantum computers are allowing us to create the calculations that are making it possible to predict the behavior of human society. But there is the possibility that those systems could predict the behavior of a single person. 

Can we predict the future of material?

When we are thinking about the shape of the universe and material. The behavior of material should follow a certain formula. Making predictions of the things that are going to happen. Seem the easiest thing in the world. We should know the trajectories of the particles and objects very well. The problem is that the universe is full of wildcards like supernovas and other things like gravitational waves that might have a bigger influence than nobody predicted. 

If we are thinking about things like electrons. Those are monopolar particles but they can connect in one entirety by using quantum gravitation. Those quanta gravitational connections might be extremely weak. And the gravitational waves can cause that the electron structure will blow away. There is also another way to connect electrons with other electrons than quantum gravitation. And that thing might be even more sensitive. 

The electron is a particle that has multiple poles. And if two electrons would position that the main pulling effect of the poles are between the poles of another electron that thing can make it possible to create electron chains. But if something pushes that object that causes that the poles of electrons are pointing to each other. That causes that electrons would start to repel each other. 

The answer to the questions is why we cannot predict the movements of the particles. Is that we cannot predict supernovas. And other highly energetic reactions like impacts of black holes. The missing parts of the universe. Are making it impossible to predict. What would be the end of the Universe? Those missing parts are dark matter and actually, we don't know even how many black holes are in the universe. 

There is the possibility that in the black holes is a large mass of material of the universe. The fact is that the only known common phenomenon between dark and visible material is a black hole. Theoretically is possible that dark matter forms a black hole. Suddenly in the middle of some solar system. But nobody has seen dark matter yet and that is the hypothesis. 

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Can AI predict the future?

The idea of the mathematical method. For predicting how gas is moving in certain conditions created Ludwig Boltzmann. His formulas are introducing very well how the large gas masses are behaving. But the problem is to calculate the position of the single gas atom in the space. Calculations are made by using the Boltzmann constant gives more accurate answers when the gas mass is higher. 

The thing is that quantum computers are making thermodynamical calculations more accurate. So maybe we can try to calculate the position of a single gas molecule very accurately by using quantum computers. 

So somebody introduced an idea that maybe those calculations are made for thermodynamics. Can benefit from predicting the future of society. The problem in society is the human effect. But humans can also be thought of as atoms and particles. Predicting the behavior of one person is not possible. But predicting the behavior of great entirety is possible. 

The ability to predict the future is one of the most interesting things in the world. Theoretically, a thing called "Psychohistory" which introduced in the fictional novel series "The Foundation" by Isac Asimov. Is possible to make. 

Artificial intelligence can find all data that predicted some upheavals in history. Then the artificial intelligence can search the similar markings in the environment. And that thing can give warning that something will happen again. 

So could we deny something bad happening again? The thing is that we can analyze the society that made something happen. We can search for things that made people support leaders and try to remove or replace that thing from society. 

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Black swans and wild cards are making predictions of the future difficult. 

But if we want to create predictions of the things that are happening to human civilization. We are facing too many wild cards and black swans. 

Black Swans are the effects that happen only once and they have a great influence on the entirety. Nassim Nicholas Taleb introduced that term. And that term Blac Swan means extremely extraordinary but still existing possibility. And one of the best examples of that kind of effect was the 9.11.2001 terror attack. That single thing caused effects that still influence global politics. 

Another thing is wild cards. The most effective wild card is the internet. Things like social media and other things are not predicted things. The internet is like the string where is hanging all the time new services and other kinds of things. So the internet offers the term "wild wire". It's like the wire that connects multiple things. 

The internet is the instrument that makes it possible to create new services and new systems even without budgets. Computer program codes and technical manuals are easy to find if a person knows where to look for them. At this moment nobody controls the development of Artificial intelligence. 

So fast that nobody can imagine or respond to that thing. The information is free on the Internet. That means the development of new technology is free. And R&D (Research and Development) precesses are turning self-controlled. The computers are cheap and every flat has an internet connection. So everybody can make what they want on the Internet. 

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

 

How is the research of history connected to futurology?

History is the thing that forms today. The modern attitudes and other environmental effects that were created in the past. So the past is part of the continuum of past, this day, and future. By researching the past the researchers can try to analyze weak signals that are causing something fundamental. In this case, some people are thinking that the fundamental thing is some kind of violent and fast thing like war. 

The thing is that wars are modifying our way to think. But the same way peaceful advances can be fundamental. And one of the biggest fundamentals in history is the international network. The internet is the thing that is making many things that were impossible in history possible. Every people can go to the net and find the data from there. 

The peaceful changes cause weak signals. The weak signal means that there are no screaming headlines in the media about that thing. The advance of the ICT sector has led that business area from discs to network-based solutions is offering a good environment research the weak signals that predicted each of the changes. 

And then we must realize that the new applications are coming fast. The mobile-based meeting applications are the everyday support for the working life. But is the next step that our brains will connect to the internet by using the BCI (Brain-Computer Interface). The modern versions of those systems do not require surgical operations. The user will just put the helmet with electrodes on the head. 

The revolutionary thing can also be peaceful. And the peaceful changes are the thing sometimes covered by negative effects. In those cases. The view of the thing is one-sided. The people highlight only the negative effects of things. They are thinking that there are only bad things in the new things. And because the old-fashion methods were working perfectly there is no need the renew anything. 

This thing is called resistance against changes. When something new is brought to the table the first reaction is always "no". The problem with this attitude is always that it slows the ability to adapt to a changing environment. The thing is that every single actor in the world is always interacting with the environment. The biggest macro environment in this world is Earth. The company and its personnel are connected with the planet Earth. And if there are global changes that thing means that they affect everything on Earth. 

https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/

We are living in an interesting but also the most challenging time in history.

The "black swan" thing is possible but extremely uncommon. When we are thinking about the changes in the environment we are facing the most interesting and at the same time the most challenging era in the history of humans and society. The internet is allowing us to share things very fast. And this thing is challenging because we must always be careful what we are doing.  We must handle many things that were not even possible a short time ago. 

The frame of the modern environment and the challenges that society is facing is climate chancing. But things like pandemics and the new weapon race and new members of the club of nuclear-armed states are making the environment more complicated than ever before. Things like hackers are also operating in the modern environment. And the new thing in hacking is that modern hackers are working under the control of the governments. 

That means that in the modern world of intelligence the agent is just bringing the computer to the country. And the hacker will use that computer by using the remote control from the homeland. That thing allows that the hacker can operate behind the firewalls. And nobody would ever punish that person because the hacker is working for some intelligence agency. 

Authorities should predict the use of hacking as spies. Because the internet is a good platform for that kind of operation. But for some unknown reason, nobody made anything to stop or denying that thing. The authorities trusted that the Chinese will punish the hackers who attacked western high-tech companies. 

Nobody predicted that behind those cyber attacks was the Chinese government. And that means hackers will never get punishments. And the reason for that is they worked for the military intelligence of PLA (People's Liberation Army). 

When we are thinking about the changes in the world we can see two megatrends in the environment. 

1) The network-based applications

The networks have a key role in the successful business. And the biggest opportunity is also the biggest threat. Social media is a good place for marketing because its a cheap and effective environment for P2P marketing. 

In that platform, people can share links to the homepages of the company. But the problem is that if everything is not what it seems. That kind of thing is also uncovering. So the facades are not enough. The entirety must be good. 

Public opinion has a great effect on the success of the company. The politicians who are making laws are dependant on popularity. When people don't like the politicians they are switching them in the next elections. And politicians are making laws. But even if the company is not breaking laws. 

Image II

2) The new business areas. 

The entire new industrial areas are coming. Those areas are things that seemed science fiction a short time ago. The most well-known thing that we are seeing is space tourism. In the beginning, space tourists are paying millions for their flights. But when the spacecraft is turning more common. 

That thing means that also regular people can go to space. The problem with space tourism is that the same systems can use also for military purposes. And the small-size space shuttles are suitable also for ASAT operations. The same systems that are taking people to the same can easily equip with microwave transmitters. 

That can destroy the satellites very easily. And this technology makes it possible that the nations like Brazil and Iran can make their own ASAT programs by benefiting from the technology that is made for commercial space tourism.   

The most chancing thing in the world is the ICT industry. The main role in the ICT business is turning from individual computers and local programs to network-based solutions. That means the complicated applications can use straight in the network by using the browser. So the end-user needs only the web browser for using solutions. Those are operating on the server over the network. 

The biggest advantage in the ICT industry is PHP (Hypertext Preprocess). That thing allows outsourcing the drive of the program code to the servers. And this makes mobile solutions possible. The heavy and complicated programs can drive on the servers in the data center. And that means the most complicated algorithms can drive over the internet by using mobile systems. 

Outsourcing heavy data handling to the computer centers means that the small robots can operate almost independently. The data handling capacity of the robots is always limited. But over the internet, that system can outsource the most complicated calculations and algorithms to the data centers where the supercomputers are handling those things. 

And quantum computers are bringing new visions. The quantum computer-based architecture means that the enormous calculating power of quantum computers can benefit the network. So by using the internet every people in the world can use the quantum computer from their desk or by mobile application. Remote use of quantum computers brings them in every pocket. The data is driven to a quantum system by using regular binary computers. 

End-user cannot see the thing that is making the solution. So the point of view of the user doesn't see the thing that is handling data. That thing is similar to the mobile system. Most of the data handling work is done by using supercomputers that are deep underground. That means the quantum computer is the next step in the continuum of remote data handling. 

But the internet is a challenging operating environment. 

Things like pollution and other things like slave workers can destroy the reputation of the company. Even if those things happen a long way from home. The ethical things in the production are turning more important than ever before. 

The fast-changing world is putting challenges for research and predictions. The unexpected things are making preparing for the future harder than before. When we are trying to predict what happens in the future we are turning into an environmental situation where we have so many variables. 

We cannot handle all billions of variables in the environment. And that means. We cannot make precise predictions for things that are coming in front of us in the future. In the modern world, information is traveling faster than anytime before. In the modern world is not so small actor that it cannot have an effect. Even the smallest actors can make huge damages if they can prove their words. And that thing means that only facades are not enough. 

When we are thinking purely about the modern business infrastructure we are facing the thing that we are facing new types of threats. But at the same time, those threats are big opportunities. A new type of business is coming. Network-based marketing in social media by using hybrid platforms are the things that are bringing a large audience for the smallest start-ups. Hybrid marketing means that the companies are using their homepages. The marketing staff is sharing links in the social network to their homepages. But then we are facing another problem. 

When we are talking about marketing we must ask: "how we make sure that we separate commercials and so-called "neutral information"? The thing is that the use of social media for wrong purposes is always possible. 

And social media is a good place for sharing "clean data". That term means that all negative things are removed from the data. When we are thinking about the neutrality of information. We must understand that in all things that we are facing in the real world has both good and bad side. So no case is not purely positive or negative. 

Image II:https://www.space.com/dream-chaser-space-plane-tenacity-tour.html

https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/

Why didn't we react to climate changes earlier?

Above: the advantage of the ozone hole in years 2004-2018

The purpose of futurology is to predict the things that people are facing tomorrow. The prediction makes it possible to make the model. And then the model makes it possible to create solutions for the challenges of tomorrow. The biggest challenge at this moment is climate chancing. But the question is, how we couldn't predict that thing? 

Or why we woke up for this threat too late? Now when we are trying to make solutions for stopping climate changing and the greenhouse effect have so short time to make something that we cannot make any real solutions. The greenhouse effect along with climate changing, global warming. And the loss of the ozone layer is seen 1980's when weather satellites show that there was an ozone hole near the South Pole. In those days there was no reaction to global warming. 

And after that researchers are made their reports and warned people every year nobody reacted. The thing is that if the papers that researchers are made are not read. Or if they are causing any reactions the fault is not the researchers. When we are read and written about climate changes those writings are stamped as climate anxiety. Then the floods were becoming more common and in a couple of last years, the winter did not exist. The question is, why everything must do at the last moment? 

If we would begin the reform of the energy production when the global temperature rising was confirmed, maybe we would have enough green energy capacity to replace the energy sources that are releasing carbon. But because we didn't react early enough, we are in the middle of a panic. The thing is that the storm floods in the 1960s were the thing that should alarm people. The fact is that climate chancing is the worst problem what the entire human race has ever faced before. 

Energy is the thing that keeps wheels rolling in western society. And energy production is the thing which causes the worst problem that the human race ever faced. The global temperature is rising because of carbon dioxide emissions. When the level of carbon dioxide is rising that causes the greenhouse effect. The first marks of global temperature rises were seen in the 1960s when the speed of wind in the northern storms rises. And since the 1980s the researchers tried to warn that the climate is changing but nobody listened. 

Or even if the global temperature rising seems minimal the ozone hole was noticed in the 1980s above Antarctica. And researchers noticed a similar phenomenon soon above the North Pole. 

The problem with global warming is the global temperature is not rising the same way in every area. The thing is that the global temperature rising is higher in the equatorial area. 

And another thing that is making the medium temperature lower than it is is the colder summers in the northern area. That means that the cold or cool weather continues long during summer. June is cold and then in July, the temperature rises to an extremely high level. Or in northern Europe, the weather is cool. But in Canada and the Northern USA, the entire summer is burning hot. Or otherwise in Europe and Sibir, the temperature is about 40 degrees and in southern areas of Earth, the temperature is -40 degrees Celcius. 

https://www.currentresults.com/Environment-Facts/changes-in-earth-temperature.php#:~:text=Mean%20global%20temperatures%20then%20stabilized%20at%20roughly%2014.0%C2%B0C,than%20the%20average%20temperature%20for%201951%20to%201980.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/Ozone#:~:text=But%20in%20the%20early%201980s%2C%20through%20a%20combination,came%20to%20be%20known%20as%20the%20ozone%20hole.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea_flood_of_1962

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_surge

https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/

Could computer someday predict future?

https://gamesandtehories.blogspot.com/

Kimmo Huosionmaa

In Isaac Asimov's book, "the Foundation" is the fictional or hypothetical thing, known as "psychohistory" This thing s actually the way to predict the behave of billions of humans by using similar mathematical formulas, what are used to calculate the movements of the giant gas masses. The idea of psychohistory would be that those computers would collect all data, about what has been happened in history, and then use that data to predict the future. In those predictions is used similar software what is used in astronomy and meteorology for predict the large mass of gas.

Mathematical formulas, what is used in this action would be given the predictions with the large mass of humans. The reason for that is the single individual would have too many transformers, and that makes single persons or individuals very hard to predict. When we are thinking of clouds, we cannot predict the place of single waterdrop, but meteorological computer programs can predict quite well the place of the cloud. What bigger is the gas mass, the sharper is the result, what calculations would give about the prediction of the gas mass.

The idea is similar than in the rivers. We have hard to predict the place of the individual water molecule, but the prediction of the water line, what goes in the river is quite easy. Same way is easy to predict the route of water if the dam would collapse. When we are transferring this thing to sociology, we must think the ants. It's very hard to know, what single individual Ant would do next, but when we see the Ant group, what is looking for food for their group, we can predict quite good, how those bugs would act.

This is the idea of psychohistory. Individual human prediction is hard to predict, but the large groups of humans can predict quite easy because controlling large groups is very hard. When large groups of people would be released the stopping and controlling those groups is hard. But the predictions about their behavior or direction, where that group is going is very easy. And this thing has caused the thoughts, that there are plans to make that kind of experiments.

Here we must say, that this kind of systems would give sharper predictions for the long time period than the short period. Here we are talking about the thing, that the common prediction can be sharp, but then that thing disappears in the jungle of single cases. This thing is like a highway. We don't know every turn of the road, but we know where the road is going. This is the thing in that kind of attempt to predict the future. Using computers make possible to collect and handle multiple variables, and compile them with together.

To be or not to be that is the question of the importance of mankind

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