Ions are playing a key role in the future fusion reactor.

In an ion-based fusion reactor, the system can shoot ions and anions against each other by using the ion cannons that are shooting ions from different sides. Or the magnetic plates can pull ions and anions together from above and below. Then the system can shoot a laser ray to those ions. Theoretically is possible to create a magnetic field that is powerful enough that it can form a fusion reactor. 

The future fusion reactor can use ions for making fusion. The problem is how to handle the plasma at extremely high temperatures. In those temperatures, the heat of the plasma brakes the entirety. 

Along with monopolar ions will push deuterium and tritium away from each other. The magnetic field pushes those ions together, but the problem is that when the magnetic press ends radiation with magnetic repel will push those particles away from each other. 

The problem is that when fusion starts the energy level in the fusion material that rotates in the reactor will expand. The rising energy in fusion material will win the magnetic field. And that thing rips the ring of the fusion material in pieces. One of the answers could be an injection of the opposite polar ions in the plasma. That thing could help to keep the fusion material in one entirety. 

The problem with fusion reactors is the heat. The system requires billions of degrees of celsius. And if there is a leak in the fusion reactor that plasma can cause big damage around the plant. 

One version that can answer the problem is the fusion reactor that orbits the Earth. The non-gravitational environment makes it easier to handle plasma. And if the reactor is outside the atmosphere. That helps to handle lithium hydride which is the key compound to creating lithium deuteride. Lithium deuteride is one of the most important fuels in the fusion stages of hydrogen bombs. 

The creation of lithium-deuteride is the process where the radiation will turn lithium hydride into lithium deuteride. Then another energy impulse drives those components back together. In fusion weapons, the used lithium isotope is lithium 7. Normally natural lithium is lithium 3. The problem is that lithium hydride is very highly inflammable. 

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Lithium deuteride (From Wikipedia)

Lithium deuteride, in the form of lithium-7 deuteride (7Li2H or 7LiD), is a good moderator for nuclear reactors, because deuterium (2H or D) has a lower neutron absorption cross-section than ordinary hydrogen or protium (1H) does, and the cross-section for 7Li is also low, decreasing the absorption of neutrons in a reactor. 7Li is preferred for a moderator because it has a lower neutron capture cross-section, and it also forms less tritium (3H or T) under bombardment with neutrons.

The corresponding lithium-6 deuteride (6Li2H or 6LiD) is the primary fusion fuel in thermonuclear weapons. In hydrogen warheads of the Teller–Ulam design, a nuclear fission trigger explodes to heat and compress the lithium-6 deuteride, and to bombard the 6LiD with neutrons to produce tritium in an exothermic reaction:

6LiD + n → 4He + T + D

The deuterium and tritium then fuse to produce helium, one neutron, and 17.59 MeV of free energy in the form of gamma rays, kinetic energy, etc. Helium is an inert byproduct.

Before the Castle Bravo nuclear weapons test in 1954, it was thought that only the less common isotope 6Li would breed tritium when struck with fast neutrons. The Castle Bravo test showed (accidentally) that the more plentiful 7Li also does so under extreme conditions, albeit by an endothermic reaction. (Wikipedia/Lithium Hydride)

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But the leak in the orbital reactor causes a situation that plasma with a very high energy level will release into the orbital trajectory. And that plasma will destroy satellites. 

That kind of reactor can answer the problems of heat. But this kind of fusion-based energy satellite is one of the most dangerous things in the world. 

Fusion energy is used for a long time in hydrogen bombs. The orbiting fusion reactor turns into a hydrogen bomb very easily. One of the most dangerous versions of the fusion systems is the thing where lasers will target the subcritical uranium or plutonium plates. Then that energy causes fission in those plates. 

That energy impulse pushes fusion material from both sides. The laser system can use straight sunlight for making the laser ray. The mirror system will conduct sunlight to the laser element. And then the laser will aim at the fusion system. The fact is that increasing the temperature in subcritical fission material is enough. So the launch of the hydrogen bomb can happen by using parabolic mirrors. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium_hydride

https://designandinnovationtales.blogspot.com/

The major problem with fusion experiments is, how to make plasma stay in its form.

The problem with fusion reaction is that the high-energy plasma will not keep its form. So when the energy pump to fusion ends the energy that comes inside will break the plasma. So what if the opposite polar particles will shoot at that plasma ball? 

That thing makes it possible that the fusion reaction begins from the plasma ball's core. The shockwave would travel inside that plasma ball. In regular cases, fusion starts from the middle of the fusion material. And that shockwave destroys the plasma ball. 

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The "cannon device" ion-anion collider where opposite polar particles will shoot against each other could be suitable for some kind of fusion system. 

In some cases, researchers introduced to use of some kind of "cannon device" for solving problems of the fusion reactor. This kind of cannon device is quite a simple system. 

Two linear particle accelerators are shooting opposite polar particles against each other. That thing will collide with anions and ions together. And that kind of system is easier to create than Tokamak-type reactors. 

The system could use lithium ions and chloride anions. But the problem is that the system must create enough energy for a self-sustaining fusion reaction. Otherwise, an ion-anion collider would be suitable for the fusion system. 

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So, when the electromagnetic radiation starts to grow temperature of the plasma causes a situation where the plasma particles start to repel each other. When the fusion ignition happens the energy that fusion forms break the plasma structure. 

In the case where fusion ignites the fusion material makes flash. It sends electromagnetic radiation around it. And that causes the electromagnetic vacuum, which pulls particles away from the plasma ball. In that case, electromagnetic overpressure breaks the structure. 

The plasma that is used in fusion experiments is monopolar. This means the electromagnetic force will push those particles away from each other. And the magnetic field that has the same polarity must push that plasma in one entirety. When the fusion ignites the energy level of the magnetic field that presses the particles must be higher than plasma. That helps to keep plasma in its form. 

The problem is that the fusion starts in the middle of the plasma.  where it starts the shockwave through that material. If the fusion can begin in the core of the plasma ball the impact wave would travel inside it. 

So the answer to the problems of the fusion could be that the opposite polar particles would shoot at that plasma ball. That can begin the fusion reaction at the core of the plasma ball. 

In that case, the magnets should press that plasma harder than the energy that forms in fusion pushes particles. If that thing is done there is the possibility to create a self-sustaining fusion reaction. 

Image and sources: 

https://scitechdaily.com/mit-contributes-to-success-of-historic-fusion-ignition-experiment/

Archimedes screw, perpetual motion machines, UFOs. And other strange ideas.

 

Is this some kind of ancient generator?

The image above this text portrays the "Perpetual motion machine" that bases the Archimedean screw. Some people are introduced that the X-shaped" thing outside this system is some kind of satellite. That thing could explain why this system that can work by benefiting the pressure difference uses the Archimedean screw. The screw would be some kind of generator. So what if the operators put magnetic iron powder to flow in that Archimedean screw? In that case, the magnetic iron powder acts as the rotor. And the screw as the stator.

But there is the possibility that the creators of this model used mercury. The mercury where is conducted electricity from crystals would put to flow in the Archimedean screw. And that thing would make that thing the ancient electric generator. So would that "satellite-looking object" be the bottle where the small dose of mercury will load with electricity? And then those drops will drop to that mercury pool. Then the kinetic energy will start to transfer energy to that flowing mercury.

Archimedes' screw is one of the most interesting inventions in history. The system introduced above this text is the "self perpetual machine". In that system, the lower pressure will pull water to the top of that screw. And then water drops to the wheel. So that system is not a self-perpetual machine. It works with pressure difference. And we know that perpetual motion machines are not working on Earth.

And the reason for that is friction. But the interesting thing is where the creators of that drawing even needed that screw? The straight tube that pulls water over the wheel would be enough for that system. So Archimedes' screw is the unnecessary part that makes the system more complicated than it should be.

The wheel is enough for the generator. But there is the possibility that the Archimedean screw acts as the electric wire collector. That purpose is to increase the voltage of the electricity.

But Archimedes' screw has been given an idea of rotation detonation or rotation ion engine. In the rotation detonation engine, the explosion will happen in the screw. And that thing could increase the speed of exhaust gas. The chemical rocket engine pushes the rocket forward against the front wall of the chamber.

Another version of that engine is the ion system. Ions travel in the screw. Then the energy will pump to those ions from the sides. That thing increases the pushing effect of the ion flow.

The problem with the ion engine is that it will not push against the front wall of the chamber. Without that effect, the thrust of the ion engines is so weak.

One hypothetical model of the UFO is based on the rotation ion system.

In the image above this part of the text is the UFO that the French air force photographed over Rouen in 1954. Could that thing be the front part of some modular aviation system? In that system, the saucer-shaped crafts would be in the cigar-shaped structure. Those saucers could form an ion whirl around them. And act as the engine system.

In that theoretical system model, UFO's mast ionizes the gas in front of it. Then the system pulls that ionized gas into the tube. There are two channels for the ions flow.

Another channel is outside the saucer-shaped craft. And the internal channel travels through those saucers. There are magnetic accelerators in those channels which makes them particle accelerators. And those systems can be powerful if they have a suitable power source.

Especially if they are equipped with nuclear reactors. In this sports model, each saucer has its nuclear reactor. The nuclear reactors that use synthetic radioactive isotopes like highly enriched plutonium or neptunium can be very small-size.

The system can use the laser to maintain nuclear fission. And the beta radiation from that system can be conducted to gold leaf. That thin gold layer changes the spin of some of the electrons. And that turns those electrons into positrons. And those positrons can use in antimatter engines.

There is one theory about the UFOs that connected with the Archimedean screw. That theory is that the plate- or saucer-looking crafts are inside the cigar- or cylinder-looking mothership. So the saucer-looking crafts act as the internal structure of that cylinder. The ion whirl would travel around those saucers that are acting as the ion accelerators.

That means that those systems are modular. The outer edge of the saucers is making the ions whirl around them. And then that system makes Tipler-cylinder around it. The speed of whirling plasma could be almost the speed of light. And then that system pulls another ion flow through it. This thing could make the time dilation.

https://aenigmatis.com/rouen-ufo-1954/rouen.htm

https://everyactioncausesthereaction.wordpress.com

The shape of the fusion reactor meant something.

 

Image 1)

When we are thinking about ion fusion, where ions with plus and minus polarities are impacting together, we must realize that there is one problem. If all ions have the same polarity. They are repelling each other. So the magnetic field must push those ions together. And then an ignition laser will pull those ions together. If we will inject the different polar ions into the Tokamak reactor that magnetic field will pull another ion cloud to the walls of the accelerators. 

The system can use a similar structure to NIF (National Ignition Facility). In the middle of the ball, the system sprays a cloud of positive ions. Then magnets start to press that positive ion cloud. And after that, the negative ions will shoot to that chamber by using a particle accelerator. The beam of negative ions will impact that glimpse of positive ions. And the laser rays will increase the energy of that system until fusion starts. 

The Images in the diagram above are

1) Traditional Tokamak

2) Tokamak includes two acceleration lines. The system will impact positive and negative ion beams at the crossing point. 

3) NIF-type or ball-shaped reactor. The cloud of positive ions will press together by using a positive magnetic field. Then negative ions will inject into the ball and they impact with positive ions. 

4) Ball-shaped chamber. Positive and negative ions will be driven to the chamber from opposite directions.

5) The linear accelerator where negative and positive ions are shot to impact tracks. 

Or we can use another structure. There is the possibility that using accelerators that are making ion beams cross each other allows the ion beams that have different polarity can impact each other. In that case, the ions that have different polarity pull each other to impact course. 

In another version, the system uses two linear accelerators. The accelerators or ion cannons are shooting ions in the fusion chamber from both sides of the chamber. The reaction chamber itself would be neutral. And particle accelerators shoot those plus and minus ions to that chamber. The laser rays or some other electromagnetic radiation can increase the temperature of that fusion system. 

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-60312633

https://scitechdaily.com/nuclear-fusion-energy-breakthrough-ignition-confirmed-in-record-1-3-megajoule-shot/

Image: 1)https://scitechdaily.com/images/Tokamak-Components.jpg

https://informationnevervanishes.blogspot.com/

The new engine will give a boost to hypersonic space flight.

 

China has made very big work with MHD (MagnetoHydrodynamic Drive). Those ion thrusters are ionizing air at the forward of the engine and then the magnetic system will pull it backward. Other names for the MHD are MDD(MagnetoDynamic Drive) or plasma ion thruster. 

The plasma jet engine called PPT (Pulsed Plasma Thruster) is the system that can drive aircraft higher and faster than anytime before. The nuclear reactor or gas turbine inside the core of the hypersonic aircraft can create electricity for that system.  Pulsed plasma thrusters can give things like jet fighters new abilities. 

That kind of system is developed also by Russians and NASA. And its purpose is to accelerate the aircraft to hypersonic speed. In that kind of system, the carrier plane would take the space shuttle near the orbiter where the orbiter shuttle will release to operate at orbiter. 

The original shuttle constructions by NASA the plans were to take the space shuttle near the edge of the atmosphere by using large-size carrier aircraft. Then the rocket engines of the shuttle would start. And it can operate at the orbiter. 

There were at least plans for making the EMU (Enhanced Mission Unit). That is the internal extra-fuel tanks for the space shuttle. I don't know did a real space shuttle ever use that system. But the shuttle program's first test flights by using the space shuttle launched from the back of the Boeing 747 caused speculations that this version of launch could use in some shuttle flights. 

There is the possibility that the large shuttle will take to the edge of the atmosphere. Then the rocket engines will start. And then that full-scale system will release the miniature shuttle. The miniature shuttle can also be launched by using some other vehicle. And it can take satellites to the cargo bay of the larger shuttle. 

https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3168220/can-chinas-experimental-engine-supercharge-hypersonic-space-race

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion_thruster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster

Image 1) https://www.scmp.com/news/china/science/article/3168220/can-chinas-experimental-engine-supercharge-hypersonic-space-race

https://interestandinnovation.blogspot.com/

Combining quantum- and nanotechnology is making the new type of machinery and systems possible.

Image: ()3D-graphene structure

The superpositioned and entangled particles can use as quantum circus saws. That makes them the new tools for nanotechnology. The nanosize machines are molecules. And the form of those molecules is the thing that makes them nanomachines.

When we are thinking as an example of the difference between nanomachines and chemical medicals the difference is that chemical medicine interacts with chemical reactions. That reaction neutralizes the medicine molecule. The nanomachine interacts with mechanical way. The typical interaction between nanomachine and the targeted cell is that nanomachine slips in the cell and starts to rotate. 

That system will destroy cell organelles and cut the membrane. Then that nanomachine can continue to other cells. And that thing makes wrong-used nanomachines extremely powerful weapons. One nanomachine can slip into the tissues and turn the victim to liquid. Because nanomachine itself will not interact, and that thing is chemically neutral it doesn't wake up chemical detectors that are normally alarming poison gasses. 

The superpositioned and entangled particles are the smallest and same way the most accurate tools in the world. They can use to affect the single chemical bond in the molecule. 

Those particles can cut the bonds of atoms very accurately. That allows cutting a certain chemical bond. And connect some other atom at that point. That thing will make the fundamental thing in molecular auto replication. If the other part of the double or higher number of bonds is cut. 

There is the possibility to connect a new atom to that point of the molecule. That atom can have the ability to make two bonds. And if one is connected with that released bond and one is touching with the other atoms. That can use to make the branches for the molecule.  That makes it possible to make new shapes for the molecule. 

The molecular auto replication bases the carbon. By making molecular machines. There is the possibility to bring some atoms that are touching and forming chemical bonds at certain points of the carbon chain. Those atoms can be brought in the wanted points by using ion cannon. And then the quantum circus saw will cut the needed bonds of the molecules and then those atoms in those positions. 

Including other atoms in graphene are increasing the abilities of that material. Graphene can position on the atom-size pillars over the layer. That thing gives it more abilities than if graphene is put straight over the layer.  If there are foreign atoms in the points where carbon lines are crossing, they are acting like miniature springs. The ability to make the 3D graphene structure allows making one of the hardest surfaces for the layers. 

The 3D graphene structure means that the multiple layers of the graphene are put over each other. Between those layers are other atoms that are acting like pillars between those layers. That makes this kind of nano-materials more capable than ever before. The pillars can position very accurately by using ion cannons, that is shooting them precisely in the right position. 

The new 2D qubits can make portable quantum computers possible.

Making the 2D qubits is the thing that makes it possible to create new and flat quantum processors. The base element for that 2D quantum structure can be the graphene where in the middle of carbon baskets is put the extremely small antenna that can transfer the data to the carbon structure. 

But the problem is how to separate signals from each line of the graphene. The ability to connect other materials or atoms with graphene makes it possible to create the 2D base for the qubit. In that case, the system bases the quantum annealing. The researchers are put the graphene on the gold film. But the ability to include other atoms inside the graphene structure itself can create the new type of qubits. 

In that case in graphene is connected with other elements than carbon. Which makes it easier to separate signals from each other. But the problem is, how to protect this system against outcoming electromagnetic stress? If the cosmic radiation hits the qubit that thing can destroy the quantum computer. 

()https://phys.org/news/2021-09-gold-quantum-qubits-2d-material.html

()https://phys.org/news/2021-09-adding-foreign-atoms-graphene-boosts.html

()https://phys.org/news/2020-11-d-graphene.html

Image:()()https://phys.org/news/2020-11-d-graphene.html

()https://kimmoswritings.blogspot.com/

Material transfer by using ionic mode (Playing with ions)

(Picture I)

Kimmo Huosionmaa

Dimension manipulation is the most fascinating thing in the world if it works. In this hypothetical test, we would create the situation, that object would just pass the wall or some other material. This is those could be possible in theory, and if this feels something boring or complicated, I understand that. In the real world, we must keep our mind open to new ideas, and we cannot deny any question or hypothesis without making any tests about those things.


When we are thinking about the radio, the thing that somebody could send messages felt pure fiction, until inventor named Guglielmo Marconi invented the way to transfer messages thru the air by using Morse-alphabet. After that, somebody installed microphone to the radio, and it can send voice thru the air. And then some inventor invented that the radio could control the magnets around cathode tube, what made television possible.


Then somebody installed cathode tube to the radio, and the television was made, and first TV-broadcasts made sad but true in Berlin Olympics in 1936. The last invention is to sending data thru the air, and that allows to broadcast films or pictures thru the air, and also interactive communication across the air is possible.  And then we might think that maybe someday, we could send people across the air or space by using technology, where the ions of the body would be ionized, and after that, the ionization would be removed. After that the person would return to the form and be transferring three atoms in the distance of three meters by using teleportation is not actually same as transferring all human body in distance of kilometers. So if something works in the laboratory, there would be long distance to the solution, what can be used in everyday life.


And this writing is meant for pure theoretical thoughts, but if it would work, that could make the material transfer system, that is shown in Star Trek movies possible. The problem with this system would be the returning the object in the original form. But as we know the problem is not ionizing object, that is what we can do straight away. But when we would shoot the object to target we cannot return it to original form. In theoretical teleportation machine, those ions would be sucked in the atom size black hole, what would send the object to the other point of singularity.


This other singularity can be made in the atmosphere by pumping energy in the certain point of the space, and then the singularity would send that ion cloud to that other point. Or they can use ion cannon, but the problem is to stop those ions in the particular place, but that problem can be solved, in theory of course, by using magnets what would pull the ions in the right moments backward. The problem is to save the form of the object. And this technology is at the theoretical level. The only couple of atoms were transferred across the air, by using magnet field.


If we someday can make the ionization by that way, that the atoms would stay in original form, and then we could remove the ionization, could be possible to make the "Captain Kirk's material transfer machine".   There is another pure theoretical way to make the situation, that object can pass the walls or other material, and it would be ionizing the body of that object. When we are thinking the situation that as an example the atoms in the human body would be ionized, the person might able to walk thru the wall, because ions have one very interesting feature.


They can pass any wall by pulling the atoms away from them, and in theory would be possible to ionize the person's body and then those atoms would make this person the man-made ghost.  And please don't do this at home, because electricity is very dangerous. There are very many so-called "mad scientists" who have made that kind of experiments, and some of them are caught very serious injuries in those experiments.


The man-made ghost has the theoretical background, that the distance between atoms of the body of the object would be increasing, and same way those atoms would be ionized. This would give change to shoot them by the ion cannon, and when they are in some area, the ionization would be removed from those atoms, and then the object would take the same form, what it got before transferring. And this means that this kind of things is only pure fiction. But imagination is the very good thing for people and without imagination, we cannot make new things. Yesterday's Science fiction is the reality of tomorrow.

Sources:

http://www.tvhistory.tv/1936%20German%20Olympics%20TV%20Program.htm

http://www.news.com.au/technology/innovation/inventions/teleportation-is-possible-but-how-long-will-it-be-until-humans-can-use-the-technology/news-story/e7a972890365f35d1e1cc4129dfcc1eb

http://bigthink.com/paul-ratner/scientists-teleport-an-object-to-space-for-the-first-time-ever

https://www.nature.com/news/quantum-teleportation-is-even-weirder-than-you-think-1.22321

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/659416/Scientists-make-TELEPORTATION-breakthrough-thanks-to-inspiring-Star-Trek

Picture I

https://cdn.images.express.co.uk/img/dynamic/151/590x/teleporting-659416.jpg

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/material-transfer-by-using-ionic-mode.html