Astronomers found Bernard star's planets after a 100-year hunt.

"For a century, astronomers have been studying Barnard’s Star in the hope of finding planets around it. First discovered by E. E. Barnard at Yerkes Observatory in 1916, it is the nearest single star system to Earth. Now, using in part the Gemini North telescope, one half of the International Gemini Observatory, partly funded by the U.S. National Science Foundation and operated by NSF NOIRLab, astronomers have discovered four sub-Earth exoplanets orbiting the star. " (ScitechDaily, After 100 Years of Searching, Astronomers Confirm Four Planets at Barnard’s Star)

"One of the planets is the least massive exoplanet ever discovered using the radial velocity technique, indicating a new benchmark for discovering smaller planets around nearby stars. Credit: International Gemini Observatory/NOIRLab/NSF/AURA/P. Marenfeld" (ScitechDaily, After 100 Years of Searching, Astronomers Confirm Four Planets at Barnard’s Star)

"This illustration shows Barnard's star, with the correct size and temperature/color, as orbited by the four recently confirmed exoplanets around it. All four exoplanets are close in, with orbits ranging from 2.3 to 6.7 days, and small in mass: between 0.17 and 0.34 Earth masses." (BigThink, Confirmed at last: exoplanets found around nearest single star) (Zoom image)

"Throughout most of the history of astronomy, we knew only of the planets in our own Solar System; the presence or absence of planets around other stars could not be determined. Although the first planets beyond our Solar System, exoplanets, were discovered in 1992, several “false detections,” including around the nearest singlet star to our own, Barnard’s star, came earlier. In 2018, another “false” exoplanet around Barnard’s star was announced, and then refuted in 2021. But now, at last, we’ve found Barnard star’s elusive exoplanets, and they have so much to teach us." BigThink, Confirmed at last: exoplanets found around nearest single star)

Bernard's star has four planets. All of them are sub-earth planets, smaller than Earth. Bernard's star is a very small red dwarf. It's the closest single star to the Sun. 

Slightly larger than Jupiter. And that means the small planets can be seen against that planet. The red dwarf is very close to Earth. The distance between the Sun and Bernard's star is 5.9629 light years. 

Bernard's star is the fourth known individual star. Three components of Alpha Centauri are closer to it. Close distance and dim light make it possible to see those planets when they travel over the star.  And that helps to find those four planets. 

"This artist’s impression shows Barnard b, a sub-Earth-mass planet that was discovered orbiting Barnard’s star. Its signal was detected with the ESPRESSO instrument on ESO’s Very Large Telescope (VLT), and astronomers were able to confirm it with data from other instruments. An earlier promising detection in 2018 around the same star could not be confirmed by these data. On this newly discovered exoplanet, which has at least half the mass of Venus but is too hot to support liquid water, a year lasts just over three Earth days." (Wikipedia, Barnard's Star b)

About 100 years astronomers knew that Bernard's star proprietary movement was wobbling. And that gave the possibility that there are planets around that star. And now astronomers confirmed those planet's existence. Those four planets are revolutionary because they have been hunted for so long. They are also smaller than Earth. 

And now we know the solar system. That has four smaller planets than Earth. All of those planets are very small. And that makes them interesting. The sub-earth existence around that star means that there can be more surprises around red dwarfs. That means there can also be sub-earths in well-known exoplanet systems. 

When we think about Earth and our own solar system we always forget that the Earth is the largest of rocky planets. Only gas giants are larger than Earth. And all other rocky planets are smaller than Earth. This is one way. We can see things when we think about exoplanets. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/confirmed-exoplanets-nearest-single-star/

https://scitechdaily.com/after-100-years-of-searching-astronomers-confirm-four-planets-at-barnards-star/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnard%27s_Star_b

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_nearest_stars

Why do some planets have rings?

Saturn

We know many planets that have some kind of ring system. And the most well-known of those planets is Saturn. All gas giants in our solar system have a ring system that orbits them. So there are many theories about the origin of those rings. 

There is the possibility that forming of the rings is unique. So that means there are more than one reasons why some planets have rings. But if we are thinking about the gas giants in our solar system we must realize that those planets are more distant than Earth. 

So solar wind in that area is weaker than in the Earth's distance. And that means the particle (or ion) flow from the Sun would not blow those particles away. That explains why Earth has no rings. The reason for that is the solar winds. That are blowing sand or some other particles away from the Earth's orbiter. 

"The backlit (of Saturn's) E ring, with Enceladus, silhouetted against it. The moon's south polar jets erupt brightly below it." (Wikipedia/Rings of Saturn)

There may be many things that are forming ring systems for planets. There are three of those theories. And maybe there are many other reasons why some planets have rings. And some have not. 

*Plasma- or Van Allen rings of the planets are capturing sand bites that travel at the solar system. 

*In the case of Saturn, the shepherd moons are also playing their role in forming and anchoring the ring system. The shepherd moons are moons. That is orbiting the ring system on both sides of it. And the gravitational fields anchoring the objects in their places. 

*The Van Allen belts could capture small particles. And that explains why Uranus' rings seem to have no shepherd moons. The Van Allen ring or plasma ring can capture very light and slow-speed objects. So that means there could be many reasons why some planets have rings. 

*If the planet's distance is high enough from the Sun solar wind would not blow that dust away. 

*Destruction of the ancient moon can explain ring systems that involve large particles. 

*That moon could be destroyed by cosmic impact. Or tidal forces of the planet and its other moons can destroy that ancient moon. 

The planets with ring systems 

a) Jupiter's rings

a) "A schema of Jupiter's ring system showing the four main components. For simplicity, Metis and Adrastea are depicted as sharing their orbit. (In reality, Metis is very slightly closer to Jupiter.)" (Wikipedia, Rings of Jupiter) 

a2)

"Metis orbiting at the edge of Jupiter's main ring, as imaged by the New Horizons spacecraft in 2007" (Wikipedia/Rings of Jupiter)

b) Saturn's rings

"Side view of Saturn system, showing Enceladus in relation to the E Ring" (Wikipedia/Rings of Saturn)

b2)

"The full set of rings, imaged as Saturn eclipsed the Sun from the vantage of the Cassini orbiter, 1.2 million km distant, on 19 July 2013 (brightness is exaggerated). Earth appears as a dot at 4 o'clock, between the G and E rings." (Wikipedia/Rings of Saturn)

c) Uranus rings

"The scheme of Uranus's ring-moon system. Solid lines denote rings; dashed lines denote orbits of moons". (Wikipedia/Rings of Uranus)

"The scheme of Neptune's ring-moon system. Solid lines denote rings; dashed lines denote orbits of moons".

d) Neptune rings

d2) "Rings of Neptune imaged by the James Webb Space Telescope's NIRCam instrument" (Wikipedia/Rings of Neptune)

*There is the possibility that the planet capture the large dwarf planet and then the tidal forces will rip that dwarf planet in pieces. 

*In that case. The shepherd moons or moons that are orbiting the planet at both sides of the ring system are anchoring those objects in their places with their gravitational effects. 

And that means there is a possibility the plasma rings or Van Allen rings of giant planets capture dust, asteroids, and comets that travel in solar systems. And at least in cases where the ring system is formed of sand or other way saying small-size particles. That is the reason why some gas planets have rings. 

Another reason could be the ancient moon that is broken by cosmic impacts. That thing can be a reason, for planets like Saturn have larger objects in their rings. When that hypothetical moon is destroyed. The particles that are remaining of that ancient moon left to orbit Saturn. 

In some of this theory's other versions, Saturn collided with an asteroid cloud that could be the remnant of some ancient dwarf planet and some of those remnants remained to orbit that planet as the well-known ring system. 

https://scitechdaily.com/why-are-some-planets-surrounded-by-rings/amp/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Jupiter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Neptune

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Saturn

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rings_of_Uranus

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tidal_force

By the way...

The idea of the solar ring- or ring-shaped solar panels is taken from the planetary rings and one hoax theory. 

There is one UFO theory that I want to mention here. That theory is that the Uranus ring system is the solar panels that are orbiting the gas planet. Today that theory is crushed, but it gave an idea that maybe in the future Earth and some other planets or space colonies will get their power from solar panels that orbit the planets. 

The energy will transport to those colonies in the form of radio- laser or microwaves. That kind of solar ring or extremely thin silicone panels might solve the energy problems of the future. If those solar rings or ring-shaped solar panels are rotating or orbiting the Earth or some other planet the gravitational and centripetal force would have the same power, and they would anchor that solar panel in place. But that thing requires that the panels will move all the time. 

It's possible that between the center planet and the inner edge of the silicone panels is the frame. The orbiting silicone panel delivers energy to that stable frame. And that frame sends energy to the receiving stations on Earth. 

Image: Pinterest

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

Hot ice and temperature limit.

In this text, I will write about hot ice as a phenomenon. That is visible in a strong enough gravitation or magnetic field. So this is not writing about a chemical compound called "hot ice". 

Normally people think that ice is cold. But actually, there is hot ice in the universe. Gravitation can cause conditions, where the ice covers the entire planet. The intense gravitation denies the movements of the water molecules. But there is the possibility that the extremely strong magnetic field can cause a similar effect. 

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O'Neill cylinders. 

The futuristic O'Neill cylinders are creating artificial gravitation using rotation movement. The problem with that thing is the centripetal force. The magnets can compensate for the centripetal force by pulling the structures inside. And that denies the breaking of that structure. 

So there is the possibility that the futuristic space stations are creating artificial gravitation by spinning can eliminate the effect of the centripetal force. The centripetal force will break the structure of the system requiring a fast rotation speed for creating a strong gravitational field. Magnets, that pull the core of those giant cylinders inside can keep the structure in one piece. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/O%27Neill_cylinder

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There is the highest limit in the mass of the super-earth that it can support life. If the mass of the planet is too high and gravitation too strong it can get the cover called hot ice. Gravitation simply pulls water to a layer that temperature is so high that even steel is melting. But the strong gravitation locks water molecules in a stable form.

If the gravitation on the planet rises even higher.  That makes it possible. That all gas from its atmosphere turns into a solid form called hot ice because of a strong gravitation field. The hot Jupiters are staying in one piece because their gravitation field pulls material together. 

That form is similar to ice. But its temperature is extremely high. The extremely powerful magnetic field could pull water molecules to the condition. Where they locked on the layer in the form that looks like ice. 

Also if the water layer of the planet is deep enough the water pressure will cause the entire floor of that planet's ocean to be covered by ice. Fusion tests are shown that the extreme temperature causes the Sun's nucleus to be a dark place. 

Because all radiation is at infrared frequency. There is also the possibility that intense heat will just close photons inside it, because the strong radiation makes it impossible, that the photons can escape from the nucleus of the stars. 

The hot ice causes the idea that intense heat and pressure can lock particles in stable places. The radiation would press atoms and molecules with so high power that all motion ends. That kind of situation could be very interesting because of the radiation that comes from all sides.

Along with pressure, the intense radiation can make atoms and molecules behave like they are in absolute zero-kelvin degrees. And that thing makes it possible to create superconductors that can operate in extremely high temperature

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

Magnesium germanite can be the key to a new type of quantum computer.

"Working with magnesium germanate, Mg2GeO4, analogous to one of the mantle’s most abundant silicate minerals. The team was able to glean information about the potential mineralogy of super-Earths and other large, rocky exoplanets". 

"Under about 2 million times normal atmospheric pressure a new phase emerged with a distinct crystalline structure that involves one germanium bonded with eight oxygens. The new eight-coordinated intrinsically discorded mineral. Is expected to strongly affect". 

"The internal temperature and dynamics of these planets. Credit: Illustration is courtesy of Rajkrishna Dutta (Scitech Daily, What’s Happening in the Depths of Distant Worlds? Physics and Chemistry Fundamental to the Existence of Life)". 

Sometimes, when I see this kind of image. I noticed that these kinds of silicates are looking like neural structures.

So, could it be possible that on some planet, magnesium silicate forms quantum computers spontaneously? The structure of magnesium silicate is similar to a neural network. But is it possible that this kind of mineral would someday use in portable lightweight quantum-neural computers? 

The magnesium germanite is one of the molecules that can someday form the new type of quantum computers. Quantum computers can operate at room temperature but it requires extremely stable conditions. The idea is that the magnesium and germanium atoms can stress by electromagnetic radiation. 

Electromagnetic radiation can use to stress those atoms separately. So that kind of system can have two data handling lines or qubit lines. The idea is that those systems can make the error handling by driving the same algorithm separately. And if they get the same answer the answer is right. Magnesium germanite can use to create small-size quantum computers. 

The solid and compact quantum processors might not be as powerful as some computer centers. In that case, we must remember that our mobile devices and laptop computers are not so powerful as some central computers. So even in the quantum computing world, the different computers must not do the same things. The lightweight systems must not have the same capacity as factory-sized systems. 

But they are more powerful than most binary computers. The magnesium germanite can be cut into small 2D plates. But if that structure is 3D. It can use to make the quantum neural system that can have many internal data handling lines. 

The new research about underground lifeforms is going on.

When we are looking for alien lifeforms, we should first describe the term "lifeforms". Would the thing get the lifeform status because it can make descendants? Is the self-replicating molecule the thing that we can call a lifeform? Or could the lifeform be the crystal controlled by the DNA? Lifeforms like vegetables are not moving at all. Or should the lifeform interact with the environment?

There are found "ice flowers" on Mars near NASA rovers. Those things are not alien lifeforms. Ground frost forms those "flowers".

Carbon dioxide and other hydrocarbons are acting like water when the temperature rises. Those things turn to gas and cause expansion. That expansion causes the ground is starting to rise. Rising gas is decreasing temperature at the edge of sand particles. And that makes them freeze to interesting forms. 

Why are researchers researching exoplanets? And especially super-Earths. The mantle of super-earth is very thick and there is the possibility that some kind of organisms could live in the mantle of the large rocky planets. The volcanic temperature of those planets can offer the stable and safe conditions that some primitive organisms can live under the surface of the locked planet.  

The reason is that those distant rocky worlds are telling us what might be our fate. And then the data that is collected from the exoplanets can connect with data collected from Earth. The life in Earth's deep mantle is ever searched before. There is the possibility that deep in Earth are the lifeforms that can live by using volcanic temperature for energy production. 

If that kind of lifeform is found. That thing makes people rethink the origin of life. There is the possibility. That the Primordial Sea was the water vein deep underground. There were born the first procaryotes. And then some of them rise to the surface. The ability to make photosynthesis was the reason why the organisms came to the surface. 

When we are thinking about the form of the alien life. We forget one thing.  The alien life is not probably like our life at all. When we are thinking about primitive lifeforms. There is possible that those lifeforms cannot move at all. 

Silicon-based lifeform could be DNA-controlled crystals. Or it can be the ice crystals whose growth and form are controlled by the DNA. The thing is that the term "lifeform" can mean anything from some kind of little green man to some self-replicating molecules. But could the hypothetical silicon-based lifeforms some kind of computer? 

https://www.studyfinds.org/mars-flower-nasa-curiosity-rover/

https://phys.org/news/2022-03-life-earth-deep-mantle.html

https://scitechdaily.com/whats-happening-in-the-depths-of-distant-worlds-physics-and-chemistry-fundamental-to-the-existence-of-life/

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Can the planet have a mind of its own?

 

There are two ways how the planet can reach consciousness. 

1) The natural way. 

There would form the neural network that covers the entire planet. There is some kind of vision or hypothesis. That another planet can have intelligence. The intelligence would be the vegetables that are hybridized with neurons. 

The question is what this type of intelligence would do? The fact is that this type of creature can make spaceflights if there are some species like monkeys. This means that the neural network of the planet will control those animals. And that kind of entirety can make many things. 

But without those monkey creatures, the neural network would do nothing. It just stays. The reason why evolution has created the ability to think for people. Is that people need that skill. The ability to think is formed from the need to answer. For the challenges that nature is giving. And humans needed thinking the challenge the predators. 

If our hypothetical neural network has no enemies or problems it would not think. Thinking requires some kind of information. And need to handle that information is making thinking. But without the need to develop things our hypothetical neural network is like The Little Prince from the novel. Its entire world is the planet. And that thing means it would not make anything. And the destiny of that species is its sun. Sooner or later that star turns into a red giant and destroys its planets. 

2) The artificial way. In this version, controlled evolution will connect networks and animals to one entirety. 

In this version, the planet will turn to the singularity of technology. And biological components. Theoretically is the possibility that all organisms on the planet would equip with a microchip. That microchip would control the behavior of insects and all other species. The BCI systems allow controlling computers by using EEG. And that thing means that people would start to live in augmented reality. 

In that reality, the sensors or robots are starting to interact with people. But augmented reality can benefit also things like insects. That thing requires that the signals of nervous systems can code and decode. But maybe the control of the insects is possible quite soon by using the EEG-control neural port and microchipped insects. 

Also, those microchips will turn the nervous systems of the entire fauna into the entirety. The thing is that this kind of civilization can control every single organism on its planet by using microchips and computer networks. And maybe we someday face that kind of level. The fact is that the ability to interconnect species would create interesting visions about the augmented reality where everybody can share their thoughts and senses. Or they can take things like ants in their command. Those ants would send their senses to the person who controls them. 

Image 2: (ScitechDaily/Planetary Intelligence: Can a Planet Have a Mind of Its Own?)

But where do we humans are going? 

In the article below this text is described the route from the immature biosphere to the mature technosphere. You might read the description of those stages from the article that is linked below this text. But mainly the steps of intelligence and singularity are in the next list. 

1) Immature biosphere

2) Mature biosphere

3) Immature technosphere

4) Mature technosphere

(ScitechDaily/ Planetary Intelligence: Can a Planet Have a Mind of Its Own?)

Stage 1 was the caveman step. Even the intelligent species would be under force of the nature. The animals are dangerous for all species and that is the beginning of all civilizations. 

Stage 2 Was the level of Romans. They lived in cities, and big animals were not the problem in those cities. Outside city areas things like wolves caused dangers. And things like epidemics caused very big risks. 

Stage 3 is the most dangerous part of the civilization route to Kardashev-Scale. The immature technosphere benefits the pollutive energy production. And also things like a non-controlled environment are causing wars and crises. 

If we think that the Kardashev-scale civilization must pass some test that stage of the immature technosphere is the point where the civilization would destroy itself or turn to planetary and interstellar-scale. But if the civilization reaches the level of mature technosphere it will face a bright future. 

Kardashev-scale

1) The civilization will control one solar system. 

2) Civilization can travel to the closest stars

3) Civilization controls the entire galaxy. 

(Wikipedia/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale)

 

For reaching Kardashev-scale the civilization must unite. And start to act for the goal that is to conquer the entire solar system. For reaching stages 2 and 3 the civilization must reach stage 1. And that thing is possible only if the civilization will forget its problems. Reaching the Kardashev-scale is necessary because otherwise, civilization will annihilate itself. 

Stage 4 is the mature technosphere. The AI-driven world is where energy will be produced only when people need it. That world base is the information technology that is making it possible to control robots and make discussions over the internet. That thing means the ability to make almost the entire world well-controlled. Where even the animals are interconnected with the internet. 

https://scitechdaily.com/planetary-intelligence-can-a-planet-have-a-mind-of-its-own/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kardashev_scale

Image 2:) https://scitechdaily.com/planetary-intelligence-can-a-planet-have-a-mind-of-its-own/

Is gluon the mysterious graviton?

   

So are gluon, photon and graviton the same particle? That means the graviton would be a very well-known particle. That has some ability that researchers have not noticed yet. 

If we think that gravitation is an interaction there is forming the energy channel between objects there is the possibility that gravitational interaction requires some kind of resonance. So if we think that gravitation is the interaction that affects every single particle in the universe we might think that graviton is some well-known particle. 

And that thing makes me think, that could the graviton be the usual thing? That usual thing should be involving almost all other particles. And one of the most usual particles in the universe is gluons. Gluons are locking quarks to protons and neutrons. 

So if we think that we can split photons into two pieces. That makes it possible that photon is two particles. Some energy bridge would connect those particles. If we use the terms that are meant for operating at the molecular world there is lower energy pressure in that channel than in other places. 

 Or is there a small particle between those photons? And of course, there is the possibility that the photon itself is gluon and graviton. That means it has a form that we just don't know yet.  

There is introduced an idea that there is formed synthetic gravitational waves. By orbiting protons in the particle accelerator. If the speed of protons or some heavier ions would be high enough. That thing makes it possible to create synthetic gravitational waves. The idea is that the quarks and gluons are turning in a straight line when the speed of the proton is high enough. 

Maybe that thing can answer to questions, "are gluon and graviton the same thing"? There is the theory that gluon is the mythical graviton. There is an idea that the gluons are making an electromagnetic vacuum behind them. And those extremely small WARP bubbles will pull quarks to one entirety. 

So the source of the gravitational waves would be in the movement of those gluons. But also the spin of the protons can send the quantum gravitation. The idea about the pushing gravitation is in the idea that there is an electromagnetic vacuum near the object. 

And that vacuum or electromagnetic low pressure will cause the outcoming radiation to push objects to the gravitational center. So there is the channel where is lower electromagnetic pressure between objects. And that means the gravitational energy travels in the border of that electromagnetic channel that pushes objects together. 

The thing is that the energy travels from the gravitational center to the orbiting object. That object will throw the gravitational wave away from it. And that thing makes one very interesting thought in my mind. If we think that gravitational waves are radiation. And if the gravitational interaction requires some kind of resonance. That makes one interesting question: is material where the gravitation has no effect exists? 

https://scitechdaily.com/split-photons-new-research-predicts-the-existence-of-a-previously-unimaginable-particle/

https://scitechdaily.com/split-photons-new-research-predicts-the-existence-of-a-previously-unimaginable-particle/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The most exotic world in the Universe: PSR B1257+12 known as "Poltergeist"

Image: Artist's impression of "Poltergeist". The radiation of pulsar melts the dayside to liquid stone. And that planet would be sterile and one of the most hostile worlds in the Universe. 

The most exotic planet in the known universe is PSR B1257+12. Also known as "Poltergeist". The "Poltergeist" is the first found exoplanet And it orbits a pulsar PSR B1257+12 named "Lich". That exoplanet is a member of a three planet system. 

Those planets are Under powerful radio and particle radiation. The source of that radiation is in the pulsar. The fact is that powerful radio impulses would make the surface of "Poltergeist" one of the most frightening and unusual things in the known Universe. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The SETI. And visions of the singularity of consciousness of the alien species.

The surface of "Poltergeist" is sterile. The pulsar will sterilize it. But it has brought a couple of visions about the possibilities of the powerful magnetic fields. "Poltergeist" is the planet that brought some interesting visions into the minds of researchers. One of the things is the hypothetical "Poltergeist creature". 

The idea of the "Poltergeist-creature is like the game of imagination. If some creature could live on that planet it might have a "Jedi force". That means this hypothetical creature could channel the powerful magnetic fields through its nervous system. So if that creature would be in an extremely high technical state. 

That thing could pump energy to its nervous system by using a superpositioned and entangled particle pair. So the creature would be the identical twin. The other part of twins is at "Poltergeist". And then that creature will transmit energy to the nervous system of another part of the twins. But that is only the hypothesis or philosophical model. 

That intelligent species at the surface of "Poltergeist" might not exist. But those visions about the singularity of minds are interesting. 

If the intelligent species would land on the surface of that planet the mind of those hypothetical creatures would turn into a collective singularity. The strong magnetic field will act as the carrier wave. And that turns the organisms into one entirety. 

The SETI researchers have created a hypothesis that the EEG of intelligent humanoids can collect by using radio telescopes. When radio waves of the pulsar travel through the brains of hypothetical aliens. 

That radio transmission acts as carrier waves. The alien EEG causes errors in the radio transmission. So, astronomers can detect those errors or changes from Earth by using radio telescopes. But how to separate those EEG curves from the natural radio transmission from pulsars is a little bit problematic. The fact is that nobody knows what the alien EEG should look like. 

If there would be some intelligent species at the surface of the "Poltergeist" they would not need any other energy source. The radio antennas can bring enough electricity to the technological advantages of that hypothetical civilization. The pulsar will sterilize the surface of "Poltergeist". And that means it's hostile for lifeforms. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The "Poltergeist" can give information about how planets are forming. 

The "Poltergeist" is suspected to be the so-called post-stellar planet that formed from the supernova remnant of the "Lich" pulsar. The fact is that. Also, all other planets are forming of material that formed in some supernova explosions. But "Poltergeist" is probably formed from the dust. That material formed when the "Lich" exploded as a supernova. 

Before rocky planets can form the interplanetary nebula must have the elements that are forming rocky planets. Every single element in the universe is formed in stars except hydrogen. Elements like uranium and other very heavy elements form only when the largest stars in the universe are exploding. The fusion reaction in the stars is the source of all elements in the universe. 

And forming of the superheavy elements requires extremely or precise size stars. All uranium that is on Earth is a remnant of the ancient supernova.  

 The star should have a precise mass when it explodes is simple.  is if the star is too heavy. It turns into a black hole during the supernova explosion. If the star turns into a black hole during a supernova explosion. There is the possibility that the entire material that it releases is dropping back to it. 

The forming of a black hole begins in the center of the star. The explosion of the collapsing star causes giant fusion that presses the material to singularity. The event horizon is starting to expand and if the size of the star is high enough the event horizon that expands with the speed of light will reach the escaping material and close it inside the black hole. 

The speed of expansion of the gas bubble around the supernova is always slower than the speed of light. The expanding event horizon will always reach material. Because of the expansion of the event horizon reach a speed of light.  So it closes the material bubble inside it. And that thing will make the effect of the disappearing star. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_B

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSR_B1257%2B12_C

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsar_planet

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The organic molecules in the Martian meteorite were not from aliens.

Image 1: "The Allan Hills 84001 meteorite courtesy of NASA/JSC/Stanford University. Credit: Courtesy of NASA/JSC/Stanford University" (ScitechDaily/The Search for Life on Mars: Organic Molecules in Martian Meteorite Not From Aliens.)

The organic molecules in the Martian meteorite were not from aliens. The fact is that proving the lifeform or fossil as extraterrestrial is not a very easy thing.  When we try to prove the origin of molecules or fossils there should be an environment where those samples would stay untouchable. 

The deep ice in polar ice caps might seem very promising. But in that environment, those samples are very easily polluted. When meteorite comes through the atmosphere it will heat. 

And when it touches the ice cap that temperature melts the ice. That thermal effect will activate bacteria and primitive algae in that ice. And some of those tiny organisms are searching for temperature. So the meteorite that comes from Mars is polluted by domestic organisms. And even if some procaryotes. 

Image 2) Planet Mars in natural color. (Wikipedia/Mars)

Which are the most primitive organisms on Earth traveled to the Earth from Mars they are hard to separate from domestic eucaryotes like cyanobacteria. For confirming the origin of the bacteria fossils the samples must be taken to Earth or some moon laboratory straight from Mars. That thing is necessary for keeping samples sterile. 

If there are some prokaryotic bacteria on Mars. That means those bacteria would be extremely small fossils. And the remaining metabolism of those hypothetical bacteria or their microscopic fossils uncovers their origin. The idea is that the metabolism forms chemicals that remain in those fossils or holes that were remaining of those hypothetical ancient bacteria. 

The theory of life on Mars goes like this. There was a short period in the history of that planet. When lifeforms could form. Those lifeforms would look similar to the cyanobacteria on Earth. But then meteorites or cosmic impact caused the planet Mars to lose its core and atmosphere. 

There is the possibility that those tiny lifeforms would remain active when the temperature of the surface decreased. But then the UV radiation whipped them out. This thing is the most common theory of the lifeforms of Mars. If those ancient lifeforms would somehow flow to Earth riding with some meteorite and remain active they are hard to separate from the domestic bacteria. 

There are needed DNA tests. When the DNA tests are made there must be confirmed Martian bacteria DNA or RNA for those tests. And UV radiation could destroy the entire genomes of those hypothetical bacteria. 

And there is the possibility that the remainings of the hypothetical Martian-origin bacteria. Like their genomes are destroyed by UV radiation. Of course, is the possibility that the impact that wiped out those organisms was not the last one. So if some bacteria came from Mars that bacteria could be a fossil. Or they could be vaporized while the meteorite flew to the sky by some cosmic impact. 

When the meteorite left Mars that thing was the drop of the melted material. And while the travel from Mars to Earth. It was under the influence of cosmic radiation. Also, the flow of the particles that came from the Sun terminated the organic material. That means that the alien bacteria could not even exist anymore in that meteorite even if there were the lifeforms on the red planet far away in history. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-search-for-life-on-mars-organic-molecules-in-martian-meteorite-not-from-aliens/

Image 3) The advancing of the Image of Cydonian face. Images from the left: two first images. A and B  are from Viking.  Image C is The 2001 FaceA second "full-faced" image of the "Face" NASA/JPL MOC E03-00824. Note: the distinct "Feline" features on the right side. The erosion has destroyed the form of the face. And there is the small crater. So somebody might say, that could something whip that thing away in purpose. (Images by NASA)

Image 4)  The "Cydonian pyramids". : Pinterest

The alien story begins from here. The data is not confirmed. 

In some hypotheses, the (alien) civilizations would go interstellar travel only when they must do that thing. So if the hypothetical civilization would leave from the stars like Van Maanen 2. That thing means that those creatures would go on a one-way trip. 

When we are thinking about the colonization of the Milky Way we must understand one thing. That thing is not possible quite soon. If that project will someday start. The creatures who go on those journeys will never return. They would go on a one-way trip which takes even millenniums. 

Those creatures would travel in the form of genetic material. And during that journey, artificial intelligence would control the craft. When that craft will reach its target. The genetic material would transfer to cells. So those cells would be infected by the virus that transforms them into aliens. 

And things like the "face" of Mars (Image 2) and "Cydonian city" (Image 3) are bringing imaginational visions in the mid of people. There introduced a theory or hypothesis. That alien from some other solar system is behind those structures. And they would be created by some kind of robot. 

The theory is that the faces that might be lost are created by machines that are copying structures. Even if that thing would be true the alien would not necessarily use those structures. 

In some other vision, those structures came to NASA flight control accidentally. When some spy satellite used the frequency that the Viking probes used. The idea of the base where the Mars astronauts will use is taken from that theory. The idea is that the robots are making the base ready for astronauts before they will land on the red planet. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-search-for-life-on-mars-organic-molecules-in-martian-meteorite-not-from-aliens/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Van_Maanen_2

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

When legends meet: Laplace and Napoleon

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/when-legends-meet-laplace-and-napoleon.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/when-legends-meet-laplace-and-napoleon.html

Writing about the artificial cells and the changing the climate of the distant planets

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/writing-about-artificial-cells-and.html

http://crisisofdemocracticstates.blogspot.fi/p/writing-about-artificial-cells-and.html