Gravitational lensing and twist in the universe’s expansion.

“Timing delays in quasar light bent by massive galaxies offer a fresh way to measure the universe’s expansion, and the results deepen the rift between early- and late-universe estimates. This growing tension may be a clue that something fundamental about cosmic physics is still undiscovered. Credit: SciTechDaily.com” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Lensing Reveals a Twist in the Universe’s Expansion)

When there is a difference between observations and theoretical models, it means. Something is missing from the model. The missing thing. It might be the fifth force or some other large-scale effect. Like a spinning megastructure. Because the material is not homogeneously spread. Through the universe. That means its effects are not homogeneous. The just-found megastructures are like strings throughout the universe, and they should cause interactions. That slows large areas in the universe. 

Things like previously unknown high-energy reactions can also cause unpredictable effects in the universe. When GRB or CRB injects energy into particles, they will not deliver that energy straight away. They glow or. Deliver energy for a while. 

Those megastructures can also form a maser effect inside them. That means. They will collect energy into those massive structures. Like. Metal tubes do. When a magnetic field forms inside it by rolling an electric wire around that tube. Those megastructures act like all other tubes. But they are far larger. So, they might have a stronger electromagnetic effect than previously thought. 

The previously unknown megastructures can cause a need. To re-estimate cosmological principles. An extremely. A large megastructure. It can have a gravitational effect on large parts. Of the universe. Those spinning megastructures that can close chains of galactic superclusters. Inside them can cause previously unknown interactions in some areas of the universe.  That means the universe’s expansion speed might not be the same everywhere

The universe’s expansion is slowing. Or, is it? The question is about the Hubble constant, which is thought to be 73 km/s per megaparsec (km/s/mpc). But in some new measurements, the Hubble constant is slowing down to 67 km/s/mpc. But there is also a possibility. The expansion of the universe. It is not the same everywhere. This means that. There are masses. That. We don’t know in the universe. If something slows the expansion of the remarkable part of the universe, that thing must be very massive. The thing that slows the expansion can be in the universe. Or, outside the universe. Or something else. The expansion of the universe depends on many things. Like, cosmic voids. 

And the differences between quantum field energy levels. Those things cause energy flows. That can have. An unexpected, powerful effect on the universe’s expansion. If. The effect’s area is large enough. It can have. An effect. On the entire universe. There are observations. The universe’s expansion. This is not in line with a young universe. The reason. For It. It can be that the radiation and temperature in the young universe. It was higher than in the modern universe. But that universe caused a stronger redshift in space around it. 

Nobody expected that. Objects were close to each other, and they caused redshift between each other. We can think. About things. Like merging black holes. Those black holes stretch radiation also between them. In the young universe, the scattering effect was stronger. And this caused the idea that the young universe needed. To have components. That is unknown. Some quite common particles. In the young universe. Exist in the modern universe. In very high-energy areas. Also, those exotic particles existed longer in the young universe. This can cause measurement mistakes. If. We use models. Those were made for the modern universe.

“A montage of eight time-delay gravitational lens systems. There’s an entire galaxy at the center of each image, and the bright points in rings around them are gravitationally lensed images of quasars behind the galaxy. These images are false-color and are composites of data from different telescopes and instruments. Credit: ©2025 TDCOSMO Collaboration et al. CC-BY-ND” (ScitechDaily, Gravitational Lensing Reveals a Twist in the Universe’s Expansion)

It’s possible that the hypothetical fifth force is not a new force. It might be some previously unknown interaction between known natural forces. And, maybe EM-fields. If the model doesn’t fit the system, it means something is missing. 

Gravity and light interact. In the same way, new observations show. Electromagnetic fields can also have. A stronger interaction with light. Than predicted. This means the fifth force might not be some new force. It might be a previously unknown interaction. “Scientists have recently discovered an interaction between an electromagnetic wave and its own magnetic component as it passes through a material, updating a 180-year-old assumption that only accounted for the interaction between light and its electric field.” (Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

“This phenomenon, the Faraday effect (FE), was first described in 1845 by Michael Faraday, providing some of the earliest evidence of interaction between magnetism and light waves.”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

“It describes how a beam of light passing through a transparent material is affected when that material is subjected to a magnetic field. Specifically, this changes the direction of polarization of that light beam.”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

For a simplified perspective, light can be unpolarized or polarized. When light is unpolarized, its electromagnetic oscillations occur in various directions (perpendicular to its plane of travel).”(Science Alert, A 180-Year Assumption About Light Was Just Proven Wrong)

So can some other interaction. Between photons and light remains unknown. Another thing is that. If some particles travel out from the universe faster than the main material. That means those particles can decay or vaporize throughout the universe. This means that those particles release energy, which pushes the universe or even large megastructures back. 

The light and its interaction with gravity mean that the light. Will not necessarily travel on straight routes. Gravitational lenses bend light. Also, things like string gravitational fields can stretch light. This causes an unexpected redshift. Things like cosmic voids can also cause an effect. The wave movement that travels into those voids can jump back from its center. The universe is full of cosmic voids. That means. Those voids can collect and reflect energy. In the same way. Spinning megastructures.  It can bind energy into them. When those megastructures spin, that spin binds energy. And those megastructures can have a large-scale effect on the universe. The previously unknown structures and interactions can affect things. Like, the Hubble constant. 

https://www.sciencealert.com/a-180-year-assumption-about-light-was-just-proven-wrong

https://scitechdaily.com/astronomers-discover-one-of-the-largest-rotating-structures-ever-seen-in-the-universe/

https://scitechdaily.com/gravitational-lensing-reveals-a-twist-in-the-universes-expansion/

The universe expands, but the expansion rate is not accelerating.

The acceleration speed of the universe is constant Between 45 and 50 km/s/Mpc. The speed of acceleration doesn't increase. And that is interesting. Because when an object's distance increases gravitational interaction between them turns weaker. And that means the acceleration speed should increase. 

So what does this mean? Is in the middle of the universe some kind of dominating gravitational effect, like an extremely large black hole? Or some yet unknown gravitational effect that stays at a stable distance from galaxies. And that causes a question: is there some kind of yet unknown layer inside the universe? 

There is another interesting detail about the speed of light in the universe. The speed of light is the cosmic constant that is stable in a vacuum. But different mediums are affecting that speed. So if light travels through some structures, it slows light. So could there be some kind of structure that causes errors in redshift? 

But one of the most interesting questions in the universe is where all its material is gone. Today universe has much fewer atoms than in the young universe. There was no dark energy at all in 380 000 years old universe. So where does dark energy come from? This is one of the most interesting questions in cosmology. 

If we think that quantum vaporization is the reason that dark energy or free energy started to affect and dominate the system. We must also understand that energy doesn't come from anything. 

If we think that dark energy is the result of hypothetical dark matter particles turning to wave motion we can think that dark matter and visible matter both have cosmic inflation. But does cosmic inflation affect differently to dark matter and visible matter? Or does cosmic inflation time different in dark matter and dark energy? 

The Big Bang is normally oversimplified. The Big Bang is the event or series of events where the universe began. 

Cosmic expansion is an interesting thing. If we think that all material in the universe came from a single point called the Big Bang we are oversimplifying that effect. If the Schwinger effect formed the universe it could form two universes our universe and the antiuniverse. In the antiuniverse, time goes like in our universe. But the difference between those universes is that in antiuniverse protons are negative. And electrons are positive. 

So the real name for the hypothetical antiuniverse is the antimaterial universe. The reason why somebody believes that thing is in Schwinger effect. When crossing wave movement turns to particles, the Schwinger-effect forms particle-antiparticle pair. If the energy level of that effect is high enough it pushes those particles and their anti-particle pairs so far away that they are not returning together. 

If those particle-antiparticle pairs touch each other the result is annihilation. Those particles and their anti-particle pairs turn back to radiation. So, were there some yet unknown particles in the young universe that do not exist anymore? When we think about the form of the Big Bang, we must realize that the biggest question is where all material of that event came from. If the universe's origin was the Schwinger effect, there must be some origin for the wave motion. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/universe-expansion-not-accelerating/

https://plancksatellite.org.uk/science/timeline/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwinger_effect

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

Dark matter and its relationship to parallel universe theory.

Image 1

Is parallel universe or multiverse theory science or science fiction? The answer is that theories are theories until they can be proven true or false. That's why we might say that multiverse is only a theory. 

But if a multiverse exists we can explain dark energy by using the multiverse theory as the base. And simply saying that outside gravitational effect from other universes causes the expansion of the universe. So the fact is that if the other universes exist they are there can we see them or not. The ability to observe the thing doesn't affect its existence. 

The thing that makes the dark matter so interesting is that is invisible to us. It's similar material with other materials. But we just cannot see it. 

There is no evidence about the existence of other universes. There was one big thing or hype that NASA has found the mirror universe. 

But that thing was a so-called false alarm. The article that caused that alarm was the highlight that "NASA has found new universe". But the original article told about exoplanets. 

The existence of other universes would explain why we cannot see dark energy or dark matter. The radiation and gravitation source outside the universe could explain dark matter and dark energy. But there is no observation about other universes. 

Theory about mirror-universe. 

So sometimes is introduced an interesting hypothesis that dark matter is the superposition of the visible material. The thing is that the dark matter would be opposite to the visible material. The origin of that idea is in the hypothesis. 

That during the Big Bang, the fast-spinning black hole formed two bubbles of material. Or rather saying send two rays of radiation to the opposite directions. And both of those wave movement rays would turn to the universe. 

That means the material would be the superposition. If the material is a superposition that would explain why we cannot see the dark matter. The thing that makes the superposition is the radiation that comes behind the dominating particle. The term means that the oscillation of the dominating particle would copy to the recessive particle. 

And when the wave movement travels through the universe the power of that radiation would get lower. That means the superpositioned particles would be a little bit different in size. Maybe that thing is meanless if the distance of superposition is a couple of hundred meters. But when the distance of those particles is about billions of light-years that thing has a mean. 

What if dark matter doesn't exist? The thing that can explain the expansion of the universe is the outcoming gravitational effect. So what if dark matter does not exist? Does that close the dark energy away? 

Dark energy is not connected to dark matter. That means the dark matter is the wave movement which origin is unknown. Sometimes the empty bubbles of the universe are introduced as the source of dark energy. The origin of those bubbles is interesting because something has been pulling material away from those areas. The reason for that is the introduced black holes. But there seems to be not that kind of object. 

So could the reason why those mysterious bubbles are formed the vaporized black hole. Or is it some mysterious radiation that has pushed material away from those bubbles? Sometimes even the anti gravitation has been introduced as the reason why those bubbles formed. 

And in the wildest theories, there are new universes formed in those bubbles. In some versions of those theories, our universe is also a bubble in the far bigger universe. If the material of our universe has different size particles than other universes we cannot see that other universe. 

Image 2: The relations of the parts of the universe. And as you see the most dominating effect is dark energy. The part of visible material is only a couple of percent. That's why we should not call visible material "regular material". There are unconfirmed theories that also dark matter can form dark or invisible atoms.

But those theories are just theories. The confirmation of those theories requires that the researchers would know dark matter better. And the fact is that the only observation of dark matter is the gravitational interaction. So there is needed much more research to confirm that theory. 

How do empty bubbles form dark energy?

When some particles like neutrinos or gluons are released near the empty bubble their speed can cross the speed of light in the regular universe. There is no medium in those empty bubbles. That means the speed of photons and other particles is higher in those bubbles. And when those particles hit the medium they release their extra energy as radiation. 

The thing that can prove that dark matter does not exist is the existence of other universes. If the parallel universes are true, that means the outcoming gravitational effect will expand our universe. 

The thing is that these kinds of theories are interesting.  And there is one thing that can break the hypothesis of dark matter. But otherwise, if the dark matter forms similar structures with visible material. The question is: why cannot form invisible universes? 

There is one thing that can erase the dark matter.  That thing is the parallel universe theory. If there is another universe or bubbles of material the gravitational effect of those bubbles can explain the universe's expansion. 

But the thing is that those hypothetical other universes might hide behind giant clouds of dust and matter. They might be so dim that the light of our universe and its objects are covering their existence. But there is another explanation. And that is that those hypothetical other universes are formed of dark matter. 

What if those parallel universes are formed of a material. Which particles are a different size than particles in our universe? That means they are formed of dark matter. 

https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/is-the-multiverse-theory-science-fiction-or-science-fact

https://www.livescience.com/truth-behind-nasa-mirror-parallel-universe.html

https://scitechdaily.com/building-an-innovative-cross-border-dark-matter-experiment-deep-underground-during-a-pandemic/

https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html

https://www.space.com/40584-parallel-universe-aliens-survive-dark-energy.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiverse

Image 1:https://astronomy.com/news/2020/12/is-the-multiverse-theory-science-fiction-or-science-fact

Image 2:https://astronomy.swin.edu.au/cosmos/d/Dark+Energy

https://writingsaboutmysteries.blogspot.com/