New types of particle accelerators revolutionize civil and military research.

"Conceptual illustration of micronozzle acceleration (MNA). A solid hydrogen rod is embedded in an aluminum micronozzle, which channels and focuses plasma flow to optimize proton acceleration. Credit: Masakatsu Murakami"(Phys.org/Tabletop particle blaster: How tiny nozzles and lasers could replace giant accelerators)

Lasers and micronozzles bring the tabletop particle accelerators closer to reality. Those systems use laser beams and magnetic fields to accelerate protons and electrons. Those systems can raise the electron’s energy level. The new system that combines liquid hydrogen and laser beams can raise the proton’s energy level to 1 GeV. That kind of ion system is much smaller than CERN particle accelerators, The new accelerator type can revolutionize civil and military technology. The ion engines or plasma ion engines that use high-energy plasma to create thrust can use that new particle accelerator type. 

The system can inject high-energy particles into gas and that system turns plasma into a high-energy level. The ion engine that can expand plasma like a regular rocket engine can form higher thrust than the regular ion engines. The plasma-ion engines combine ion and rocket engines under the new hybrid concept where high-energy plasma raises the gas temperature. There is a possibility to use antimatter injection to create high-energy plasma. The antiproton or positron injection will raise the gas's temperature and that creates thrust. 

"Concept of micronozzle acceleration (MNA). The MNA target employs a micronozzle housing a solid hydrogen rod (H-rod), precisely placed near the nozzle neck to maximize proton yield. Acting as a "power lens," the micronozzle focuses the incident laser energy onto the H-rod, enabling efficient and localized energy deposition. This configuration significantly boosts proton acceleration near the nozzle exit, outperforming setups lacking the nozzle structure. Credit: Scientific Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-03385-x" (Phys.org/Tabletop particle blaster: How tiny nozzles and lasers could replace giant accelerators)

*The implications are wide-reaching:

*Energy: Supports fast ignition schemes in laser-driven nuclear fusion.

*Medicine: Enables more compact and precise systems for proton cancer therapy.

*Fundamental science: Creates conditions to simulate extreme astrophysical environments and probe matter under ultra-strong magnetic fields.

(Phys.org/Tabletop particle blaster: How tiny nozzles and lasers could replace giant accelerators)

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"Illustration of a spacecraft powered by nuclear propulsion and solar sails traveling towards Sedna. Image generated by AI." (RudeBaquette, “We’re Finally Fast Enough”: Nuclear Propulsion and Solar Sails Could Blast a Spacecraft to Sedna in Just 7 Years)

In that spacecraft, the solar sail can act as a reactor cooler. The futuristic system comprises a solar sail and a nuclear thermal engine that can boost the rocket into a very high speed. And the atomic engine can use pulsed plasma to create ultra-high thrust. Begin of the journey the system can use both, solar sail and a nuclear engine for maximum thrust. Then at a longer distance that solar sail can turn into a cooling system. 

These kinds of plasma systems are dangerous in the wrong hands. The ion cannon is basically the same system as the ion engine. The main problem with ion cannons is how to keep the particle beam in its form. Particles with the same polarity repel each other. There is a possibility to shoot electron beams in the ion beam. Or the target can be loaded with opposite-polarity electricity that pulls those ions to it.

But there is also the possibility of creating plasma bombs by using ion technology. Basically, a plasma bomb is only a magnetic tank where high-energy plasma hovers away from the wall. The laser, microwave, or particle accelerators can create that plasma. The particle accelerator can load high-energy plasma into the bomb by using the positron injection. When that bomb drops to the ground its shell is broken. And that releases plasma from 10- 10000 or even millions of degrees Celsius to the air. Theoretically, plasma bombs can replace thermonuclear weapons if they can create plasma that has a temperature of tens of millions of degrees Celsius. 

The antimatter bomb is the tank where antimatter hovers away from the walls. The small-sized particle accelerator that is in the airplane can load antimatter into those capsules that the system shoots at the enemy. The antimatter capsules can also be used as fuel pellets for antimatter rockets. 

https://physicsworld.com/a/micronozzle-could-give-laser-driven-particle-accelerators-a-boost/

https://phys.org/news/2025-06-tabletop-particle-blaster-tiny-nozzles.html

https://www.rudebaguette.com/en/2025/07/were-finally-fast-enough-nuclear-propulsion-and-solar-sails-could-blast-a-spacecraft-to-sedna-in-just-7-years/

Hypersonic flight will be the next fundamental advantage in aviation.

Hypersonic flight is the key to the next-generation missiles and aircraft as well as space shuttles in civil and military sectors. Aircraft that can jump outside the atmosphere and then return can be the next-generation solutions. There are rocket-based hypersonic missiles already in use. But the Scramjet-powered systems are new. 

Hypersonic missiles can launch from aircraft or by using a rocket. They can equip with powerful microwave systems that can damage electronics or even melt targets. 

Launching those weapons from aircraft is similar to a regular cruise or air-launch ballistic missile. If the weapon is shot by using a ground-based rocket the process is a little bit different. The rocket will jump outside the atmosphere. And then the hypersonic missile can get enough speed. That the scramjet engine can start. The scramjet or hypersonic ramjet-based systems can also launch from the regular runways. 

There are three versions of that kind of engine system. The first one is that the aircraft lifts off by using regular turbojets. Then when the speed is high enough the aircraft transfers to use the ramjet engine. And when the aircraft's speed rises to Mach seven or seven times higher than the speed of sound. It starts the fuel injection to the scramjet engine. 

The B-2 Stealth bomber over the Pacific. The hypersonic stealth bombers can be the most destructive systems ever created. (Image Wikipedia: Northrop Grumman B-2 Spirit)

There are no moving parts in the scramjet engine. The airflow or the fuel-air mixture's friction causes heat. 

That heat ignites the fuel. Which can be liquid hydrogen. The liquid hydrogen can also decrease the temperature of the core of the engine and aircraft. 

And the problem with scramjet is that the speed of that engine must be over Mach 6 so that the scramjet can ignite the fuel.  Another version is to make the airflow through scramjet with extremely high speed. 

That thing can be happened by connecting the hypersonic wind tunnel behind the scramjet engine. That wind tunnel can pull the air through the scramjet, and the friction will engine the fuel. 

But there is the possibility to create the ion scramjet. The engine ionizes air at the front of it. And then the magnetic track will pull those ions back. The magnetic track requires electricity. That's why portable lightweight nuclear reactors are promising tools to give fuel supply for that kind of device. 

The hypersonic stealth bombers are the most capable systems in the military world. Those bombers can attack very fast on every side of Earth. The large-size hypersonic aircraft can also transport people and cargo all around the Earth very fast. And if the hypersonic engines use hydrogen as the fuel they have no carbon emission. 

https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://www.defenseone.com/business/2022/04/collins-aerospace-creates-group-make-hypersonic-weapons-next-generation-aircraft/365601/

https://eurasiantimes.com/us-aims-to-develop-next-gen-fighters-hypersonic-missiles-with-new/?amp

https://thepointsguy.com/news/fresh-investment-brings-the-hypersonic-flight-dream-closer-to-reality/

Image: https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2022/04/lockheed-martin-hopes-us-has-turned-corner-hypersonics/365631/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northrop_Grumman_B-2_Spirit

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

Researchers uncover the reason for cosmic bubbles near the Milky Way.

Image 1) The cosmic bubbles at both sides of the Milky Way

The reason for cosmic bubbles near Milky Way galaxy is in the radiation of the Sagittarius A the supermassive black hole in the center of our galaxy. When that radiation impacts the gas atoms above and below the Milky Way galaxy that thing causes the emission radiation. The effect is similar to the thing that happens in neutron bombs. 

The radiation effect will push the quantum fields of neutrons inside and load them with energy. When that energy transfer ends neutrons are sending radiation whose wavelength is the same as the diameter of the neutron. 

When radiation hits atoms or their quantum fields they are sending wave movement. Which is similar to neutron radiation. When that reflection radiation hits other atoms. That radiation pushes them away from each other. And this thing forms the cosmic bubble, where are fewer atoms than in other places universe.

https://www.sciencealert.com/giant-bubbles-expanding-from-the-milky-way-could-be-explained-by-a-single-event

Image) https://www.sciencealert.com/giant-bubbles-expanding-from-the-milky-way-could-be-explained-by-a-single-event

Image: Pinterest

What makes this thing interesting. 

If we think the ability to make the electromagnetic field in the air that pushes atoms away from each other we could make the "Jedi effect". The lower pressure that can be made to the wanted direction from the object can be used to move the object. 

Making that kind of low-pressure bubble requires radio- or other electromagnetic radiation. The bubble can create by pointing electromagnetic radiation to the air molecules. And the reflection will push those molecules away from each other. 

If the exhaust gas of the jet engine is driven through the vacuum bubble the speed of exhaust gas increases. And that thing makes it possible to increase the aircraft's speed without using an afterburner.  

The electromagnetic bubble can also use to increase the thrust of jet engines. The idea is that the electromagnetic bubble is made just after the nozzle of the jet or plasma jet engine. And the engine will drive exhaust gas through that vacuum. 

The vacuum behind the jet engine increases the speed of exhaust gas. Because the exhaust gas must travel through a vacuum before they impact with air. That thing can make more speed to the exhaust gas without an afterburner. The vacuum bubble behind the jet engine can form by using microwave or laser systems. And the similar bubble can work with electric- and regular jet engines. 

The thing that makes the electric jet or pulsed plasma turbine (PPT) very suitable for jet fighters is that another aircraft cannot fly behind that engine. The ionized gas protects at least partially the aircraft. Against the missiles that are shot from the back. 

Theories of hypersonic flight. And extremely fast spacecraft.

The thing that is why the aircraft speed cannot increase endlessly is friction. But another reason is that the firefront turns backward in the engine. This is the reason why hypersonic aircraft requires the engine type called scramjet. 

The problem with the scramjet engine is that it can start only when the speed of the aircraft is about Mach 6. The scramjet is only the tube where a certain form causes friction. And that ignites the fuel and oxygen mixture. There is the possibility to equip the scramjet engine with an iris that closes the air inlet. 

That allows combining the rocket engine and scramjet. When the hypersonic aircraft will take off. It can use rocket scramjet in the rocket mode. In that period the rocket scramjet uses internal oxygen. And when the speed of the aircraft is high enough it can turn to use the oxygen from the air. That kind of aircraft can operate in the atmosphere but it can also operate at the orbital trajectory. 

The scramjet system can equip with a regular jet engine. That allows the hypersonic aircraft or hybrid aircraft-shuttle to use the same airborne refueling system with other aircraft. And the fuel for those systems can be liquid hydrogen or some hydrocarbon. 

But when we are thinking about the speed of the aircraft. The aircraft or rocket cannot travel faster than its exhaust gas. One version for increasing the speed of the exhaust gas. Is to make the vacuum behind the aircraft or rocket. The problem with jet engines. Is that the firefront is moving backward when the speed is increasing. In this text term "jet engine" means turbojets, ramjets, scramjets, rocket ramjets, and rocket scramjets. 

One version of the system that can increase the speed of the aircraft is to use adjusting the distance of the fuel injection and combustion chamber. And in some versions, the scramjet or ramjets can use the electric arcs for fuel ignition. In those systems, the fuel injector is at the front of the engine. Electric arcs are in the air inlet of the engine. And that means the fuel injector is at the forward of the engine. 

Things like plasma engines can increase the speed of the aircraft. The plasma-ion engine means that the gas is ionized at the front of the engine. And then the magnetic accelerators will pull the ionized gas through the engine. That kind of system can be extremely fast. Another name for the plasma-ion engine is the MDD (Magnetodynamic drive). 

The idea for the WARP-spacecraft is coming from the submarines. 

MDD is another name for the magnetohydrodynamic drive (MHD). The MHD is operating only in water. But a similar system can also operate airborne and even in space. The system is simple pulling ions in the tube and then those ions exit behind that tube. This thing makes thrust. And the thing in this type of engine is that they are silent. There are no moving parts and that thing gives an ability to make very fast submarines. 

There is introduced an idea. That submarines can travel faster than the speed of sound. The idea is simply that the submarine will be closed in the air bubble. That will remove the friction of the water around it. And then the submarine can use MHD drive or simple rocket engines. Another version is to make the tornado at the front of the submarine. That tornado removes water from the front of it. 

The quantum tornado can use to make the wormhole. And that quantum tornado can create by using the high energetic radiation. 

The idea of the WARP engine is that the spacecraft is put in a bubble where are no quantum fields. Another version of the WARP bubble is the electromagnetic or giant quantum tornado that creates the synthetic wormhole ahead of the spacecraft. In some visions, the high-power X-rays can use to create an area. With no sideways are traveling electromagnetic waves. If those high-energy rays can turn to rotate. That could make the tornado where is no quantum fields. 

The thing in WARP-systems the warp-bubbles are the electromagnetic vacuums in the space. Those systems are extremely dangerous. Because if those bubbles are forming around the object or particles that cause the energy is starting to travel faster to the environment from the material. That causes the material to turn to wave movement very fast. 

The WARP bubble is pulling energy in itself. The reason for that is the energy is traveling to the lower energy area. That thing can cause a huge explosion. The thing that denies the material aging in the wormhole is that the object rides with its wave movement. Energy cannot travel away from the material. And that thing can make it possible that material exists until the existence of the wormhole ends. 

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcubierre_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasma_propulsion_engine

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_SR-72

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wormhole

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

The writing about natural and artificial stars

The heavy and hot stars are playing a vital role in forming heavy elements.  Massive and hot stars are forming the heaviest elements in the universe. Those blue stars have enough mass and energy for making fusion reactions. That thing makes it possible forming of heavy elements. The life cycle of those very bright stars is very short. But they are forming important elements for planets. 

If there are lots of heavy elements in stars. That can mean that the elements would not return to the universe when stars end their life. The heaviest elements drop in the nucleus of those stars. 

And, during the supernova explosion, the particles in the nucleus of the star are turning into neutrons or they will fall to the black hole. So if that thing happens there is no way to return those particles. And that means those particles are gone forever. The data that is collected from stars can use in fusion research. 

The artificial sun of China is making a record for fusion power. 

The artificial sun of China is making a record for fusion power. The fusion reaction continued for 17 minutes. And during that period the fusion reactor created 126 million kelvin degrees temperature. That temperature is five times hotter than the sun China's Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST) is the donut-shaped tokamak reactor. That is one of the most usual fusion reactor concepts. 

The artificial sun is a good example of innovation for China. That thing makes another mark in history. But the thing is that the fusion reactor has more capacity than people even imagine. That kind of system can give electricity to the entire continent. 

And the thing is that if China would have an operating fusion reactor. That is making central government more powerful than ever before. if the central government of China has only one fusion reactor. And there are no other power plants that allow the central government controls the entire power supply in the country. 

There is also another vision of the fusion reactors. And especially the portable systems. The term "portable fusion system" could mean that the fusion reactor is in the mega-ship. That system needs extremely powerful coolers but it has extremely powerful power output. 

Fusion reactor-based power supply can use to give wireless energy support for the entire naval unit. The system can give radio-maser-based energy supply for ships, warships. submarines and aircraft. One of the most interesting innovations in aviation is the plasma engine. 

Also, another interesting thing is the MHD drive (Magneto-Hydrodynamic Drive)  that can use in surface warships and submarines. The MHD system is the particle accelerator that drives ions through the tube. Similar way plasma jet engine will drive the high-energetic plasma through the acceleration channel. Those systems are ready, but they need a power source. 

The outsourced fusion reactor will also make it possible to transmit power to directed energy weapons. And if the system would not have an internal power source they cannot rebel. Those kinds of visions are extremely futuristic.

https://www.foronuclear.org/en/updates/in-depth/what-is-chinas-artificial-sun/

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/chinas-artificial-sun-reactor-broke-record-for-nuclear-fusion-180979336/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetohydrodynamic_drive

Image: https://www.nasa.gov/images/content/526065main_x1_anim.gif

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/