Finnish LDR-50 SMR (Small Modular Reactor)-nuclear reactor produces only district heating.

Finnish LDR-50 SMR (Small Modular Reactor)-nuclear reactor produces only district heating. But it's possible to connect energy production units to those reactors. 

Finnish LDR-50 SMR (Small Modular Reactor)-nuclear reactor produces only district heating. That reactor is called LDR-50. And its mission is being stripped from turbines and other things. The cooling of the reactor base is in the water's natural water cycle. At this moment, I must say that the turbines can also installed in the water cycle. Or the district heat water cycle. When we talk about energy, we must realize that the difference in temperatures and vapor pressure are things. That makes energy.

If there is a thing like a closed cycle turbine that uses liquid helium or liquid nitrogen to rotate the turbine wheel, that system can also produce electricity. The difference in temperatures is an interesting thing. If we lived on  Pluto our bodies would give us enough energy. It vaporizes liquid helium to pressure, which can rotate turbogenerators. Those SMR-reactors can have many possibilities. Advanced turbines can installed anyway in the reactor's water cycle. 

The nuclear waste also can give temperature for turbogenerators. That uses liquid helium or nitrogen. And nuclear waste's temperature will vaporize those liquid gases. 

In some visions, the nuclear waste disposal site can also be used as a power plant. The system benefits liquid helium or nitrogen that rotates in a closed cycle. The nuclear waste's heat will vaporize that liquid gas that rotates the turbogenerator. The systems that use nuclear waste as a power source are not very common. 

"Illustration of a nuclear district heating plant comprised of two LDR-50 reactor units constructed on an industrial site © VTT" (https://www.etson.eu/node/181)

"TRISO particles can withstand extreme temperatures well beyond the threshold of current nuclear fuels". (TRISO Particles: The Most Robust Nuclear Fuel on Earth)

The nuclear fuel called TRISO (Tristuctural-isotropic fuel)

The TRISO means the balls where there are three layers. Those layers are ceramic, graphite, and nuclear fuel isotopes. The graphite layers can include two layers. Regular graphite and the outer layer would be carbonite crystals. Or the structure can be in the artificial diamond. 

The most out layer would be a strong ceramic structure. If there are some problems. The reactor simply removes part of the TRISO balls. That should stop the nuclear reaction because the lack of half of the fuel turns the reactor into a subcritical condition. And when the problem is handled, the system returns those TRISO balls to the reactor. 

The Subcritical nuclear reactors require a laser or some other electromagnetic heater. So they are a little bit like thorium reactors. The laser or microwave beams keep the nuclear reaction on. If those electromagnetic systems will shut down that thing stops the entire reaction. 

https://www.energy.gov/ne/articles/triso-particles-most-robust-nuclear-fuel-earth

https://www.etson.eu/node/181

https://www.ldr-reactor.fi/en/1099-2/

https://www.vttresearch.com/en/news-and-ideas/finnish-smr-innovation-awarded-european-commission-nuclear-innovation-prize-contest.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fuel

What is the solar cycle?

If we can predict the solar cycle, we could protect our electronic components more effectively. When the ion eruption from the sun starts we must shut down many satellites. There is a so-called SOHO (Solar and Heliospheric Observatory) Whose mission is to collect data about the sun and especially warning signs of solar eruptions.  

SOHO is the satellite system between Earth and the sun. That system's mission is to warn people that the ion eruption endangers communication and other satellites. The data that SOHO collects is used to make predictions for solar eruptions. And maybe someday there are so-called space weather broadcasts that warn people that there is a massive ion flow coming from the sun. 

The sun might seem stable. But the fact is that the energy production of our central star changes in a certain cycle. Radiation that comes from the nucleus of the sun pushes its core outside. And when the outer core expands pressure in the nucleus of the sun decreases. That causes nuclear fusion in the sun to turn weaker. Then gravitation starts to pull the core of the sun inside. And that increases nuclear fusion. Until that cycle starts again. 

Other things can cause an increase in the energy production of the sun. One thing is that the energy pike that comes from a neutron star or black hole impacts the sun. That thing can cause an increase in the nuclear reaction because those X- or gamma-ray impulses can increase the sun's temperature. That means many things can cause risks for electronic components. 

The new type of satellites are using lots of miniaturized microelectronics. That makes them very powerful tools. But those systems are vulnerable to electromagnetic impulses. So the fact is that we need a warning system also against the energy pulses that are coming outside our solar system. The energy beam must not hit the sun itself. 

The energy that hit the high-energy plasma in corona can cause devastating effects. The thing is that plasma sends energy quantum when the energy impulse or energy stress ends. 

That means that if some energy stress ends that thing can also cause devastating energy impulses. If some pulsar would send radio waves to corona for hundreds of years, and then that neutron star suddenly turns away. That thing can also cause massive energy bursts from the corona. 

Things like gravitational waves can affect things like quantum computers. But the plasma- or radio beam that hits the solar system can also cause problems. And if some X- or gamma-ray impulse hits the sun or plasma around it. The energy impulse is always interaction. Even if a high-energy beam hits the plasma around the sun that thing can adjust the plasma to a higher energy level. And then it sends energy impulses that can be devastating. 

https://scitechdaily.com/solar-clock-can-predict-dangerous-solar-flares-years-in-advance/

https://astronomyandtechnology.blogspot.com/

The new milestone in fusion research

Image 1) This illustration provided by the NIF (National Ignition Facility) at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory depicts a target pellet inside a hohlraum capsule with laser beams entering through openings on either end. The beams compress and heat the target. 

The lasers will rise the fusion capsule's temperature to a higher level than the sun's nucleus temperature is. The reason for that is the pressure of the stars must compensate. By rising temperature higher level than the nucleus of the sun is. 

(https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html)

Fusion energy is coming.

Fusion energy is coming. And every day. Scientists are closer to breakthroughs for commercial fusion systems. They are assisted by artificial intelligence. Which is collecting data from those tests more accurately than ever before. Quantum computers can handle more variables than ever before. 

Machine learning makes it possible to adjust temperature and different types of electromagnetic radiation along with the most suitable materials for reactor constructions. Nanotechnology allows the creation of many new tools like miniature injection pipes that allow injecting the ions in the systems with very high accuracy. 

The main problem with fusion energy is that the reactor must give out more energy than it gets in the ignition process. Another problem is that the energy level in the fusion reactor is extremely high. The problem in the fusion reaction is that the pressure that helps to maintain reaction in the nucleus of the stars is very high. And on Earth, the pressure must compensate by increasing temperature in the fusion chamber. 

Then the fusion system requires a temperature that is higher than the temperature in the nucleus of the sun. The fusion system can use two plasma beams that have opposite polarity. And then the positive and negative plasma beams are impacted after they are shot through high-energy particle accelerators. The energy level at that point can increase by using laser beams. 

The electromagnetic pulling effect can make it easy to aim the plasma beams. There are two major types of fusion reactors. For regular energy production. The donut-shaped "Tokamak" accelerators are more suitable. The plasma orbits in the donut-shaped accelerator. And magnetic fields keep that plasma ring flowing away from the reactor's core. The magnets are pressing the plasma ring. And it is also targeted by using lasers. 

The problem with "Tokamak" is that system must use the monopolar plasma. The reason for that is the magnetic press would not work if there is a plus and minus mark ions in the same chambers. The opposite polar ions would be suitable for increasing the friction in the plasma ring. 

Another type of reactor is the ball- and tube-shaped reactor. The NIF (National Ignition Facility) uses a ball-shaped system for simulating the power of the hydrogen bombs. In those systems, in the middle of the reactor will put the lithium bite. And then it will be shot with laser rays. The power of the ignition system is extremely high. And it will make the lithium atoms melt together.  

The ball-shaped systems can also be very powerful and there is the possibility that in the middle of the chamber will flow the ion cloud. Then the rotating magnets and magnetic press along with lasers and microwaves will turn the temperature of the plasma ball to extreme heat. The rotating magnets cause internal friction. That is increasing the temperature. 

Image 2) Artist's impression of Bussard ramjet

The fusion rocket and weapon solutions

Fusion engines can use in rockets. There are many types of theoretical fusion engines for rockets. And the problem with them all is that they require extremely high ignition power. In conventional systems, the fusion engine gives only thrust. And the other energy supply will get from the fission reactor. The most awesome theoretical fusion system is the Bussard ramjet. 

The system uses a magnetic field for pulling ions through the spacecraft. So there is a channel in the system where the magnets will press the ion flow and behind the system, the lasers will ignite fusion in the plasma. That means the artificial sun will push the spacecraft forward. That fusion could be self-sustain. Or it can get auxiliary energy from a fission reactor. 

The tube-shaped reactor is one of the most interesting versions for lightweight systems. The tube-shaped fusion reactors can be connected with particle accelerators that shoot their two opposite polar ion beams in the chamber. That ion flow will impact together. And that impact helps to ignite fusion. The tube-shaped system makes it possible to create more lightweight fusion systems than ever before. 

Hydrogen bombs or thermonuclear weapons are small fusion devices. The uncontrolled fusion causes huge detonation. There is made a research on how to replace the fission bomb that gives energy for begin fusion by using the lasers. Theoretically, the small fusion device can be the lithium chamber where is shot high-power laser rays. 

That is causing detonation. That thing makes fusion weapons cheaper. But there is the possibility to use the particle accelerators for shooting plus and minus ions together. And that thing can use as the "fusion cannon bomb". 

The fact is that those tube-shaped "fusion cannons" can be used as the base for the new type of terrifying fusion weapons. Those new types of fusion bombs would not require a fission stage. The detonation of the fusion system happens by using the lasers. 

The idea of some of that so-called free-ion nuclear weapons or "artificial suns" is that the high-power ion beams that have different polarities will shoot together. That system can use the chamber or it can use the ion beams. 

The magnetic pulling force will make those ions come together. And that thing can cause the detonation. In some visions, two different polar ion clouds. Will release over the target area. And then the system will shoot those ions with laser rays that form artificial sun over the area. 

https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html

https://i4is.org/interstellar-ramjets/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bussard_ramjet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Ignition_Facility

Image 1) https://learningenglish.voanews.com/a/us-researchers-report-successful-fusion-reaction/6417024.html

Image 2) https://i4is.org/interstellar-ramjets/

 https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/