The digital "demon": how to increase the quantum computer's power?

Quantum computers are powerful tools. But they are useful only if they can solve problems with a very high probability. The probability that the answer is right is not enough. The system must confirm that the answer is right. Or it cannot use in functional control systems.

The system is useless if it cannot give the right answers or if the user cannot confirm the answer. And only one wrong answer means that the calculation goes wrong. If that thing happens in the nuclear power plants the results could be devastating.

The system requires an error-detecting protocol. In some versions, the system uses two main lines for some calculations. That means if those two lines give the same answer. There is the possibility that the answer is right. In that model, the system uses two separate, individual operating units for making the calculations.

In some versions, the system uses multiple qubits or groups of qubits for the calculations. The system makes the statistics about the answers. And that thing tells. That there is a possibility that the answer is right if the large majority of the group gives a certain value.

Maxwell's demon is the thinking experiment that should introduce that the second law of thermodynamics does not always apply. The next part of the text includes a straight loan from Wikipedia. You can replace the word molecule by using the words "information" or "qubits"

"In the thought experiment, a demon controls a small massless door between two gas chambers. As individual gas molecules (or atoms) approach the door, the demon quickly opens and closes the door to allow only fast-moving molecules to pass through in one direction. " (Wikipedia, Maxwell's demon)

The problem with Maxwell's demon is that there are no massless doors. All doors that can close the information flow from the hotter chamber to the lower energy chamber have mass or a certain energy level. That makes it researchers difficult to create quantum networks.

If we want to send qubit through electric wires we must be sure that the gate or router will not transfer energy to the qubit. Or we must calculate or measure the energy that the gate or router transfer to qubit and remove it. Or otherwise, the system cannot download information from the qubits. So if the demon moves the gate. That thing moves energy to the information that travels through it.

Image 2) Schematic figure of Maxwell's demon thought experiment (Wikipedia, Maxwell's demon) The image could be the figure of the quantum computer. The data travels from a higher energy level to a lower energy level. And the demon that sits on the computer collects data that travel through the gate. The demon is the input/output system that transports data between the user and the quantum system.

The description of Maxwell's demon continues. "And only slow-moving molecules pass through in the other. Because the kinetic temperature of a gas depends on the velocities of its constituent molecules, the demon's actions cause one chamber to warm up and the other to cool down. This would decrease the total entropy of the system, without applying for any work, thereby violating the second law of thermodynamics". (Wikipedia, Maxwell's demon)

So how this thing has a connection with the quantum computer? We can think that a quantum computer has two chambers. Then the system drives information from the higher energy level or "hotter" chamber to the lower energy level or "colder" chamber.

The system will create quantum entanglements between those chambers. And then, the system can drive information from the higher energy level into the lower energy level. Then the system starts to load information into electrons or some other qubits. It must make sure that the value of the electron is 0. If there are artifact values like 1 the system loses information.

The system decreases the energy level of electrons or other particles to zero kelvin degrees. The zero kelvin degrees guarantee that the value of the electron is zero before the system starts to drive information to it. But the problem is that the temperature of the individual qubits is higher than zero kelvin. The system can create artifact value by using measurement tools. When the measurement tool touches the electron. It can increase its temperature. And that can destroy or mess up the information because the system cannot determine the zero point of the qubit.

https://scitechdaily.com/digital-demon-a-surprisingly-simple-method-that-improves-quantum-computing-accuracy-by-20x/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entropy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxwell%27s_demon

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/

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