The cosmic inflation. And the thing that shouldn't be.

Image 1) 

Image 2) 

Image 1) This is what cosmic inflation should be. The universe's expansion should accelerate all the time because the gravitational effect turns weaker when the distance of particles increases. 

Image 2) This is what cosmic inflation is... The universe's expansion is too slow. That means theory and reality don't match. The image below is the theoretical model of the acceleration of the universe's expansion should be faster than it is. And that means we should re-estimate the cosmic inflation. 

The image on the top is what the universe's expansion should be. And the second image is what the expansion looks like. So that is the thing that some astronomers want to rule out cosmic inflation. The expansion of the universe is not as strong as it should be. 

And that causes problems. So there is the fixed model of cosmic inflation. In that model the inflation is two-staged.

1) Just after the Big Bang. Cosmic inflation was extremely powerful. In the young universe were particles that do not exist anymore. 

And those particles like photons with mass or "massive photons". When the universe turns colder those particles are destroyed. Or they turned to wave movement. That means the dark energy is the remnant of those particles. 

2) Cosmic inflation continues in modern times. But it's slower. The thing that causes this expansion is the dark energy or remnant of the ancient particles. The problem is that the acceleration of the expansion should be stronger than it is. If researchers can fix that model. That opens the way to dark energy and helps to create a more complete model of cosmology. 

The theory of dark energy is interesting. The question is why that wave movement doesn't cause visible interaction. Why does nothing resonate with that strange wave movement that rips the universe and cosmological theories in pieces? 

There is the possibility that the wavelength of that wave movement is so long that we just cannot see that resonance. So dark energy could be wave movement that is invisible because its wavelength is extremely long. Or the wavelength of the dark energy is extremely short. That means it could affect only the single superstring. That form quarks.

 Or it can resonate some part of gluons. In that model, the interaction between dark energy happens in the gluons. If gluon is a polar particle. It sends extra energy. That dark energy brings it to quarks. If those gluons or transmitter particles of a strong nuclear force are at the line of hypothetical poles of quarks. 

The existence of cosmic inflation is almost confirmed. Cosmic inflation means that the space's size to material expands. When the size of the universe expands the distance between particles grows. And because the distance between particles grows the gravitational effect and interaction between particles turn weaker. So the universe's expansion speed should accelerate. 

Another thing is that. Cosmic inflation is not what it should be. The expansion of the universe is not accelerating as fast as it should. The speed of acceleration is slower than it should be. That means there is too much material or too little energy in the system. 

When we think about the universe's geometrical shape the most common theory is that universe is flat or hyperbolic. The spheric universe is the only geometrical shape of the universe that will collapse. So the probability that the universe ends its fate in an expansion that continues forever is 1/3. But if the universe's origin is the Big Bang. 

"The local geometry of the universe is determined by whether the density parameter Ω is greater than, less than, or equal to 1".

"From top to bottom: a spherical universe with Ω > 1, a hyperbolic universe with Ω < 1, and a flat universe with Ω = 1. These depictions of two-dimensional surfaces are merely easily visualizable analogs to the 3-dimensional structure of (local) space". (Wikipedia.com/Shape of the universe)

The collapse of the universe requires that Ω > 1. That means there is a small possibility that the open universe can also be positive curvature. In that model, the universe would be like the bite of the spheric structure. 

If Ω = 1, the universe is flat.

If Ω > 1, the universe is positive curvature.

If Ω < 1, the universe is negative curvature.

That means the universe could be spheric. But if we think that the universe is flat, and the shape of the flat universe is like a disc. We can think that the universe's ultimate fate is not so easy to describe. There is a possibility that inside the universe are the sub-structures that can collapse even if the majority of material would continue its expansion forever.  

Or if we think that the Big Bang was a similar effect to the supernova. The Big Bang could form the time glass-shaped structure. That means the Big Bang along with the Schwinger effect formed two universes. But what was the Big Bang? Was it some kind of explosion in dark matter? That means the Big Bang was an event where the material reach a certain energy level. 

Dark matter or dark gravitation is the thing that made researchers believe in a big crunch. But then the dark energy caused the most common theory in cosmology is that the ultimate end of the universe is a big silence. That means the universe will continue its expansion forever. But then we must ask why cosmic inflation doesn't match with predictions. 

When we look at the cosmic timeline. We are facing one interesting question. Is there something that can push the universe from outside? Could there be something so powerful source of radiation outside the universe that it can affect the entirety?

If that hypothetical radiation source exists this thing can explain both dark matter and dark energy. The idea is that hypothetical radiation that comes outside the universe pushes objects and particles to the center of the universe. Then in the middle of the universe is forming a standing wave movement or some kind of tornado. That pushes this hypothetical radiation outside of the center of the universe. 

The fact is this nobody has ever seen that kind of radiation source. If the multiverse or another universe existed. That thing explains lots of things. But we must see another universe. Before, we can build that kind of model. The multiverse theory is not a theory. It's the philosophical logical series. 

Another universe could be a giant cloud of dark matter. But that thing is more philosophy than scientific theory.  

The idea of that theory is simple. Because we always are found new and larger structures like galaxy groups and cosmic web the logical step would be that there are other universes. But as I just wrote nobody saw another universe yet. Another universe would be another step in the series of mega- and Giga structures. The problem is that if the size of subatomic particles of another universe is different than visible material. Those universes would remain dark. 

https://astronomy.com/magazine/news/2021/01/the-beginning-to-the-end-of-the-universe-inflating-the-universe

https://www.space.com/18811-multiple-universes-5-theories.html

https://www.space.com/32728-parallel-universes.html

https://www.thebrighterside.news/post/harvard-and-cambridge-astrophysicists-solve-the-mystery-of-cosmic-inflation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shape_of_the_universe

https://shorttextsofoldscholars.blogspot.com/