A new model suggests the Milky Way's supermassive black hole sacrifices its own energy to boost cosmic rays.

“In this artist’s conception, the black hole at the center of our galaxy is surrounded by a hot disk of accreting material. Blue lines trace magnetic fields. Credit: M. Weiss / Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics” (ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

“Most of the intense radiation associated with actively feeding black holes originates from surrounding matter rather than from the black holes themselves. However, physicist Roger Penrose proposed in 1969 that rotating black holes could also surrender some of their own energy through a mechanism known as the Penrose process.”(ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

"This process operates in the ergosphere, a region where the black hole’s rotation twists spacetime so strongly that everything must move in the direction of its spin.”(ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

“In the new study, researchers modeled neutrons produced by nuclear reactions in the hot gas surrounding Sagittarius A*. Some neutrons could enter the ergosphere and decay into protons, electrons, and antineutrinos. The resulting charged particles would interact with the magnetic field, potentially allowing protons to escape with enormous amounts of energy.”(ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

“These accelerated protons would travel outward and collide with dense gas in the Central Molecular Zone surrounding the Galactic center. Such collisions can produce gamma rays and neutrinos, providing potential observational evidence of the mechanism.” (ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

“Schematic of how decaying particles can extract energy from a black hole. Credit: Cermeño, et al.”(ScitechDaily, The Milky Way’s Monster Black Hole May Be Sacrificing Its Own Energy To Power Cosmic Rays)

But then we can ask: can the gamma rays alone cause the effect? Their quarks and hadrons can turn into energy. That means. Gamma rays, or X-rays. They can turn the quarks into wave movement. This means that the effect can look like the Coulomb explosion. This happens when that radiation strips electrons away from atoms. And the proton repulsive effect. Rips atoms into pieces. An. Ultimate version. Gamma photons can turn quarks into radiation. That high-energy photon can hit the quark. And that energy is released. 

The black hole’s radiation turns weaker. That causes an effect. Where energy. that is stored in quarks starts to travel out from it. The fact is this: those collisions are very rare in the regular universe. But near black holes, there are lots more high-energy photons than around other objects. Things. Like Coulomb explosions. And interatomic Coulomb decays can release more energy into that area. 

“Animation of Coulomb explosion of a cluster of atoms. The big circles are atoms; their hue indicates charge (red is neutral, green is positive). The small circles are electrons; their hue indicates kinetic energy. Because. The electrons move so quickly on this time scale. They. Are seen only stroboscopically. (Wikipedia, Coulomb Explosion). This effect can also break atomic nuclei. That requires. The energy impulses strip its electrons away. 

The new model suggests that the Sagittarius A* the surpermassive black hole in the center of the Milky Way transfers its kinetic energy to protons. Protons receive that energy. And then transmit it forward. That is one thing. That can form the cosmic rays. Or particles. That are at a far higher energy level. That particle accelerators can create. This means. That cosmic rays are a very interesting and complex question. When. We think. About the possibility that the black hole transfers energy. That. Its spin forms straight into protons. 

This means that fields around the black hole's singularity also spin. When a proton impacts that spinning field, it receives energy. If. The field spins with the singularity. That means. Protons start to spin in the opposite direction. That causes an effect. The proton starts to stretch. This pulls one or two quarks away from the proton’s structure.  Two up and one down quark form a proton. There are also other particles. This can happen when a stretched proton falls through the event horizon. 

When. Those quarks' distance from each other becomes too long.  That cuts. The strong nuclear interaction bonds that keep those quarks in the proton. That releases lots of energy. That can send quarks through the universe with enormous energy levels. 

But as we know, the energy fields around the supermassive black holes are more complex. Than. Nobody thought. Radiation from the supermassive black holes is enormous. That radiation can destroy small objects near it. The high-energy radiation can destroy chemical bonds. And when the bond breaks. It releases the energy that those bonds stored. 

This means that radiation around black holes can cause an effect called a Coulomb explosion. Or. The effect is similar to a Coulomb explosion. 

In. Coulomb explosion, or its ultimate version. Strings that form quarks turn straight. If. That happens in a proton or neutron. The energy pushes other quarks away. And that can break the quark bonds. In nature, that can happen when an anti-electron (positron) hits an electron. That sends gamma photons at a 180-degree angle. That can cause a situation. There, the gamma photon hits the quark. That can release so much energy that it can push the electrons away. That causes. That increases. The distance between protons in the atom’s core. That releases free energy in the atom. And that can rip the atom in pieces. 

The high-energy environment causes that.  More energy can be trapped in particles. When a particle closes the black hole, the energy level around it rises. The energy level in atoms and elementary particles can rise. Until. The black hole separates from its halo. When. The black hole gets less matter. Its. radiation level decreases. That causes a situation. Where. Energy starts to travel out from particles. 

That releases energy stored in those quarks. Basically, that interaction is similar to annihilation. A high-energy X-ray or gamma photon hits a quark. That quark receives that energy. When. That happens. For. A short moment. The quark is in a quantum vacuum. That vacuum rips the quark into pieces. 

But anyway, the strong radiation near the black hole can strip electrons from all ions and atoms. In that process, the high-energy photons bomb atoms’ cores. Without. Without electron shells. The repulsive effect of the protons rips atoms apart. That releases the energy of bonds. That keeps atoms in one piece. 

https://scitechdaily.com/the-milky-ways-monster-black-hole-may-be-sacrificing-its-own-energy-to-power-cosmic-rays/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb_explosion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coulomb%27s_law

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interatomic_Coulombic_decay

The next step is to reconcile quantum mechanics with Einstein’s Theory of Relativity.

In large-scale structures. Gravity is the dominant force. The problem is that gravity is also the weakest of the four fundamental interactions. The other three are the strong and weak nuclear interactions and electromagnetism. Gravity is the only interaction that affects over long distances. And that makes gravity the most important interaction. When we think about quantum gravity, we can see that all regular gravity centers, like Earth, are made of particles. We see that structure as solid. But all particles are gravity centers. That means the gravity centers like the Earth are a swarm of multiple gravity centers. 

In regular objects. There are also other interactions. Along. With gravity. That means those objects are very entropic. Strong. And weak nuclear interactions. Electromagnetism is also causing a repulsive effect. And if we were to remove all interactions other than gravitational interactions. That would turn objects into black holes. The fact is that. Electrons push each other away. 

The same way as protons repel each other. Before we can push quarks and electrons into one entity. We. Must win. The repulsive interaction between electrons, and then make the same thing with protons. That requires an enormous, completely symmetrical energy impulse. The energy impulse must be so strong that it wins over electromagnetism. And the weak. And the strong interaction. The energy impulse must not let that resistance energy away. Or some. Yet unknown radiation must blow the weak interaction and all other interactions. Than. Gravity away from the atom. 

The reason why we cannot just press things like atoms into black holes is that. Energy compresses these electrons and quarks into one structure. Called a singularity, which releases energy. When electrons and protons press together, that causes energy realease. Half of the object's mass. It turns into energy. That energy is formed when protons impact electrons. And energy must win the weak nuclear interaction. So. That it can press all electrons, protons, and neutrons into one common quantum field. And then that energy must press quarks into one entity. That requires lots of energy. 

In theories, gravity forms when particles spin. So when particles spin, they bind energy into kinetic energy. That means the graviton must have spin 1 or more. That means that. It's possible. That the graviton forms in strings or quantum tornadoes. When those quantum tornadoes impact the quark. 

"A groundbreaking new technique has revealed the first detailed image of an individual photon.

(Image credit: Ben Yuen and Angela Demetriadou)(LiveScience)

They can form. A little bit similar. In the form of a photon. When that quantum tornado hits the quark. That. Structure forms a quantum low-pressure. At. That point. This explains why gravitation is so weak at short distances. But it interacts through long distances. 

When that quantum tornado sometimes loses contact with quarks. It pulls the quantum field inside it. That thing explains gravitational waves. 

That spin rolls the quantum field inside the particle. The idea is that the gravity field is like a river. That pulls objects with it. So, gravitation is the field interaction. But another model is that. The gravitational fields interact through quantum entanglement. This means. That. The gravitational field turns into a superposition with other gravitational fields. Then energy starts to travel between those two objects. This means that those objects roll the quantum field into them. And then that field travels to the spin axle. This means. Gravity would not be a force at all. But then we must remember a couple of things. Quantum gravity. It is not necessarily the same as the effect. That. We know as gravity. 

The evaporation of matter. That makes particles interact like ice. With their environment. When a particle turns into wave movement. That binds energy or quantum fields into itself. That makes them act like ice. And that puts energy into motion. 

Gravity is the only thing that affects particles in the same way. The other thing is that. When. We think that gravity pulls photons in gravitational lensing. We forget that if that gravity model is real. The gravity center packs quantum fields around it. And those fields could turn the photon’s direction. But. It is also possible. That. Gravity pulls energy out of the photon. And. That turns the photon’s trajectory. The photon is the donut-shaped particle. And in some theories, the photon can transform into a neutrino. That means the photon’s donut-shaped structure. That forms the photon. Starts to spin. Like. A standing. Coin. This makes the structure look virtually ball-shaped. This explains. Why. Neutrinos have such weak interactions. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/einstein-general-theory-relativity-equation/

https://www.livescience.com/physics-mathematics/quantum-physics/the-shape-of-light-scientists-reveal-image-of-an-individual-photon-for-1st-time-ever

https://physics.mit.edu/research/labs-centers/mit-center-for-theoretical-physics-leinweber-institute/research-efforts-in-the-center-for-theoretical-physics/quantum-gravity-and-field-theory/

https://quantumzeitgeist.com/institute-theoretical-physics-links-gravity/

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2026/06/260619020516.htm

https://www.techexplorist.com/gravity-connected-hidden-information-inside-universe/105733/

Atoms and diamonds.

“Artistic depiction of circular Rydberg atoms: Using optical tweezers (shown in green), the Rydberg atoms can be precisely trapped and arranged into controlled atom arrays. Credit: University of Stuttgart" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Break 3 World Records With Giant Atoms Built for Quantum Computing)

"Supersized atoms could help quantum computers run longer with fewer errors after scientists broke three records without the costly cooling these experiments usually require.” (ScitechDaily, Scientists Break 3 World Records With Giant Atoms Built for Quantum Computing)

Rydberg atoms are next-generation tools for quantum simulations. In these atoms, electrons are farther from the core than in normal atoms. Rydberg atoms are actually a type of Bose-Einstein condensate. The idea behind those atoms is “simple”. The system can raise one electron's energy level higher than it should be in its orbital. And that makes it possible. To create quantum entanglement between electrons in the atom’s orbitals. 

This means that the system can transmit information. By. Using photons to excite electrons in intermediate orbitals. That happens when electrons in intermediate orbitals interact with photons. The system can sort Rydberg atoms into a certain order. And. That can be a breakthrough in quantum simulations. The big problem with quantum computers is their size. Reseachers must remove all microwaves and other radiation from the system. 

A table-sized. Quantum computers can be ready for operations. In. The next 100 years. The biggest problem is that those systems require data center-sized systems to run their operating systems.  The superconducting technology can make it possible to create compact data centers. That means those superconducting supercomputers can fit in smaller areas than modern data centers. 

The problem is in superconducting wires. Because.  In those wires.  There is no resistance. That makes it impossible to use regular gates and switches in that system. The laser beams. They can warm those wires at precise points. That. Can form resistance in very accurate locations. The laser beam can switch the resistance on and off. This is one way to create resistors. 

Superconducting binary computers can also be revolutionary tools. Those systems can make very high-accuracy, high-speed calculations. The big problem with quantum systems and qubits is that. Those qubits are made of photons. That requires. A very accurate ability to control those photons’ energy levels. Information travels in quantum systems only.

“Conceptual illustration of an integrated quantum photonic circuit in which diamond nanobeams containing quantum emitters and spins are embedded within integrated photonic devices. Credit: Shuo Sun et al. (ScitechDaily, Tiny Diamond Beams Could Unlock More Powerful Quantum Networks)

"Building a circuit around a tiny diamond beam offers a way to keep more of the light that future quantum computers and networks could use.” (ScitechDaily, Tiny Diamond Beams Could Unlock More Powerful Quantum Networks)

If. There is another side of quantum entanglement at a higher energy level. Fully operating quantum computers require an ability to control complicated quantum systems. Sometimes people ask which is more effective. Quantum computer or superconducting binary computer? The answer. There is. A level of calculation complexity.  Before that level, a binary computer beats the quantum computer. The reason for that is that the quantum system must adjust the qubits.

Even if those quantum computers are someday on our desks. They. Need very powerful computers to control those qubits. The table-sized quantum computers require a data center to run their operating systems. Things. Like neural networks. And. Other types of systems are also effective. The morphing neural networks can also be more effective than quantum systems. At least. If. They must operate in everyday missions.  This means that Quantum computers will never control things like robots directly. Binary computers control physical systems. And quantum systems. They operate at theoretical or spiritual levels. They create complicated models that binary systems, like neural networks, use in their operations. 

For full-scale operations, quantum computers require quantum networks. Data travels as qubits in those networks. The big problem is how to create quantum networks. That don´t cost very much. If. That kind of quantum network can become possible. That is the next step for data security. A quantum network. It can be. Nanotubes. Where information travels at different frequencies. The system could use radio transmission; coherent radio waves travel in nanotubes. Data can also travel as skyrmions. In those nanotubes. Those skyrmions are like giant photons. The newest systems use nanodiamonds and photons to transmit information. 

https://scitechdaily.com/a-new-way-to-engineer-heat-could-revolutionize-energy-and-electronics/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-break-3-world-records-with-giant-atoms-built-for-quantum-computing/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rydberg_atom