The route of the implosion bomb begins from the Trinity test. And it continues in modern thermonuclear weapons.

Image 1) Castle Romea was a high-yield thermonuclear weapon detonated 27 March 1954 Pacific time. The yield of that device was 11 mt. 

Implosion bomb or fission bomb is an innovation of Dr. J. Robert Oppenheimer. When we are looking at the history of nuclear weapons many physicists like Max Planck and Albert Einstein didn't believe that the implosion bomb will explode. The story tells that when the implosion weapon detonated in New Mexico Albert Einstein said, "I'm only human". 

The implosion mechanism means. That the bites of plutonium are pushed together by using the explosive lenses. Another way to detonate a fission bomb is by pumping it with electromagnetic radiation. Also, nuclear weapons can create by using uranium. But that requires extremely large chemical factories. Modern nuclear weapons are using the solid fusion stage. Normally that stage is created by using lithium. 

The detonation of that fusion or hydrogen bomb happens by using a small fission bomb that is creating the energy as the form of fusion. In a hydrogen bomb or "Teller-Ulam" design or thermonuclear weapon, the implosion bomb will send neutrons to the uranium stick inside the lithium tank. And then that natural uranium 238 turns to plutonium 239. 

That detonation sends neutrons to lithium that transforms to deuterium and tritium. The intensive heat would launch the fusion. There is no limit to the size of a fusion bomb and the most powerful of them had the yield of 50-60 megatons (Wikipedia says that the power of Tsar bomba was 50-58 megatons (Wikipedia, Tsar Bomba). That bomb code-named  Ivan the codename for the test was"Tsar" or RDS-220 detonated near Novaja-Zemlja on 30 October, 1961But the limit of the fission bomb is about 500 kiloton.

Image 2) Diagram of a gun-type fission weapon.

Image 3) Diagram of an implosion-type fission weapon.

Images: (Wikipedia/Nuclear weapon design)

Image 4) Teller Ulam design.

(Wikipedia/Thermonuclear weapon)

The power in nuclear weapons comes from radiation that comes from nuclear fission or nuclear fusion. When implosion or fusion creates high-energy particles and pumps energy in neutrons. That thing causes the radiation impact that is known as a nuclear explosion. 

The shockwave is the electromagnetic impulse. When particles are coming out from the fissile and fusion material they form the highly intensive and powerful Doppler wave. So when the nuclear reaction reaches the edge of fusion or fissile material the movement of those particles continues in the form of wave movement. 

Diagram 1)

In diagram 1: you can see how energy travels in the nuclear system. When nuclear fission (or nuclear fusion) (arrow number 1) reaches the edge of nuclear material energy continues in the form of wave movement (arrow number 2). 

Diagram 2)

Diagram 2) shows how energy travel in the regular implosion bomb arrows marked by 2  showing the direction of the bites. That is causing an implosion where the direction of the energy is portraying arrows marked number 1. If the implosion continues to one distance. That will increase the power of nuclear fission (Diagram 3). 

The situation in diagram 3 requires that the fission starts in the middle of the fission material. So that's why there is a small neutron initiator in the fission material. The mission of that system is to cause asymmetry in the fission in the fission material. 

Diagram 3)

The implosion bomb

The name of the first implosion bomb test was "Trinity". The detonation happened in Alamogordo, New Mexico.  The codename of the bomb was "Gadget", And the Trinity test was accomplished on July 16, 1945. The yield of that bomb was about 25 kt., and it was the prototype of all other nuclear weapons. 

The implosion's speed or non-controlled nuclear fission is conducted with the surface area of touching plutonium bites. If the size of the contacting surfaces is large. The implosion starts in a larger area that is increasing the power of nuclear fission. Also, the spices in fissile material like radium play a great role in nuclear fission. 

There is also possible to use the "cannon method" for launching nuclear weapons. The problem with the cannon device is that the fission material bites can move inside it. When we look at the implosion system we see that nuclear fission begins between the layers of the fission material. And that thing makes the "waste of power". The implosion or fission reaction will travel in two directions to outside and inside the ball of the fissile material. 

Animation of the action of the implosion mechanism

(Wikipedia/ Nuclear weapon design)

So if the fission begins in the middle of the plutonium ball the front of neutrons will travel as the front in one direction. That thing can be created by stressing the small bite of highly radioactive material like einsteinium. In the middle of the fission material by using laser rays. That thing allows making the implosion bomb where the neutrons and energy are traveling in one direction. 

When we are thinking about the most powerful fission device in the world, "Ivy King". This device yield was 540 Kt. That is the limit of fission devices. The reason for that was that. There were four fission units in the bomb. The radiation or energy impact of the bomb began in four points. And that caused the situation the wave movement disturbed itself. The neutron radiation pushes neutrons away from their trajectory. That effect causes the situation where the speed of fission is slowing. 

https://rarehistoricalphotos.com/gadget-first-atomic-bomb/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einsteinium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivy_King

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermonuclear_weapon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_(nuclear_test)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsar_Bomba

Image 1)http://www.nuclearweaponarchive.org/Usa/Tests/Castle.html

Other mages: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon_design

The 3D printing systems can revolutionize hypersonic flight.

Artist's drawing of "The Hermeus", the first commercial prototype of hypersonic aircraft. 

3D printed catalysts are the new materials for hypersonic flight. The catalysts are a mixture of metal and synthetic minerals. But if the printing temperature is high enough that kind of system can mix the carbon fiber, metal, and quartz chrystals. That kind of material can have new abilities for new space and aviation technology. 

The 3D printing systems make it possible to create new forms for the body of hypersonic systems. The cell-type structure between the outer surface and the core of the aircraft is making the hypersonic flight more secure. 

The friction will heat the aircraft core to an extremely high temperature. And the cell-looking structure where is a vacuum layer in the cells minimizes the heat transfer to the inner core. If the hypersonic aircraft can jump to ballistic or low Earth-orbiting trajectory the 3D printer systems can also fix the damages of the aircraft's body or heat shield.

The 3D printers are more flexible systems than traditional spare parts because 3D printers can create any possible mechanical spare part. When the 3D printer system is making things like ventilators. The printing system can make every part of the ventilator separately. The system requires only the assembly orders and measures. Then the 3D printer makes those parts separately. And then robots will assemble them. The system can also have lasers that search for errors.

And also lasers are used to finish the part and remove errors in the structures. In some visions, the hypersonic aircraft can equip with holes. Where some kind of cold liquid can pull outside if the core of the aircraft is overheating. When manipulators are installed in the aircraft's core. And they are equipped with a 3D carbon fiber or metal printer. 

That allows fixing the damaged core during the flight inside the atmosphere. But if the aircraft can rise the outside of the atmosphere is possible to use a long manipulator for fixing holes. That kind of system can be mounted in the Mars craft. That system can fix the damages during space flight to Mars and back. 

https://edition.cnn.com/travel/article/hypersonic-airplane-hermeus/index.html

https://scitechdaily.com/next-gen-3d-printed-catalysts-to-propel-hypersonic-flight-speeds-over-3800-mph/

https://wonderfulengineering.com/watch-the-first-ever-full-scale-hypersonic-jet-prototype-by-hermeus-in-action/

Image:)https://scitechdaily.com/next-gen-3d-printed-catalysts-to-propel-hypersonic-flight-speeds-over-3800-mph/

Do we know the risks and possibilities of genetic engineering?

What is natural?

Have you ever seen liger? Liger is the hybridization between tiger and lion. And that animal is not the only hybrid species that is created in the laboratory. The film above this text introduces interesting lion hybrids. 

But we forget that genetic engineering allows researchers to connect genomes even from vegetables to humans. And that thing makes the "little green men" possible. In movies, the "little green men" are some stereotypic aliens. 

When we are thinking that the skin of the extraterrestrial alien would have a photosynthesis ability. That allows them to live without vegetables. But there is the possibility to combine the genome that controls the chlorophyll production in vegetables with the skin cells of humans. 

The genetically engineered "little green men" or vegetable-human hybrid would have green skin. That has an ability to photosynthesis. In that case, the genome that makes chlorophyll for vegetables would transfer to the skin cells. And that makes the skin photosynthetic. Genome therapy or genome transplants can use for removing hereditary diseases or improve the lifetime of humans. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The use of bacteria as the medium. In genome transplant. 

The genomes >>>Transplant to bacteria>>>Bacteria will inject to blood>>>Then that bacteria is starting to create retroviruses that transfer genomes to human cells. 

x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x-x

The genome transplant can make by using genetically engineered bacteria. Those bacteria can create viruses that are used to transfer genomes to human cells. But the same technology can use for creating bacteria that create viruses for biological weapons. 

When we are looking at things like genetic engineering. We are facing animals that cannot even exist in the natural world. Nanotechnology and genetic engineering are the ultimate combinations for creating hybrid species that can be the salvation of the worst nightmare in human history. There is the possibility to connect genomes over species that are not combined. 

The genomes of vegetables, insects, and mammals can combine by using nanorobots. And that kind of experiment can bring a new way to produce tissues for organ transplants. Another way to think is that those experiments are bringing new dangerous species to nature. 

Genetic engineering makes it possible to combinate the genomes of diatoms and some other organisms that allow making the crystals which growth is the DNA controlled. Or it can use to make the turtle whose shield has a silicon core. The core of diatoms is silicone. And nanomachines can combine those genomes with the cells that create the shield of those animals.

The artist's humorous drawing portrays the angry green man. (Pinterest)

The thing that makes turtles interesting is that those lizards live a very long time. And the genomes that allow turtles to live about 150 years are researched in laboratories. That kind of genome can be the key to extending our lifetime. But then we are facing the key question, what is natural? 

When we are thinking about liger from the top of the text we must remember that there is the possibility that the hybrid species can escape from laboratories. And that kind of thing is causing risks. The most well-known hybrid animal is the hybridization of dogs and wolves. That hybridization is used to keep some dog breeds wealthy. 

Outcoming genomes are needed to connect to dog breeds for removing degeneration. That happens through the dog-wolf. Dogwolves are causing problems because they are not afraid of people. And they can attack also humans more often than a normal wolf. Those outcoming genomes are keeping those dog breeds wealthy. Outcome genomes remove things like character defects. 

The thing that we forget about the dogs is that those cute fellows are not natural. They are created by hybridizing things like hyenas and probably red wolves or grey wolves. It's unknown which canines were used for making the first dogs. At first, humans tamed wolves. But then humans started to breed those wolves. And breeding means that there must be connected genomes from other wolf species like hyenas and African wild dogs. The dog is one of the most bred animals in the world. 

Electric-jet engines or plasma-jet thrusters can connect with solar energy.

Image 1)

The plasma-ion thrusters and plasma-jet engines can have virtually unlimited operational time. The problem with electric jet engines is that they must have electricity from somewhere. 

There are two ways to make virtually unlimited operational time for aircraft. The first one is to use nuclear power. 

And that kind of system is otherwise easy to make. But nuclear power technology is an extremely dangerous thing. A damaged nuclear reactor can deliver highly radioactive containment to a very large area. If that craft will drop. It can cause nuclear pollution in large areas. 

There is the possibility to make solar-powered aircraft that use plasma jets or plasma ion thrusters. The idea is that the aircraft. Much like a U-2 spy plane would fly at high stratospheric attitudes. In those altitudes, long wings are necessary. 

Lockheed U-2 "Dragon lady" (Redditt)

Those wings can be coverer by using solar panels. The thin air makes low friction. And it makes it possible that this system can fly at quite a fast speed. But solar-powered aircraft can also be hypersonic. Energy production can boost by using windmill turbo generators. 

But another way is to make hypersonic aircraft that use plasma thrusters or plasma jet engines. The system bases the ability to make origami-type lightweight solar panels that can be pulled inside when the craft is not using them. The hypersonic aircraft can jump away from the atmosphere, open its solar panels. When the batteries are loaded that craft can drop back into the atmosphere. 

While traveling in the atmosphere, the aircraft can use a windmill turbogenerator. For slowing the emptying of batteries. 

The fact is that the solar-windmill generator combination can use along with remote loading systems. The remote loading system can shoot the aircraft by using radio rays.  '

For loading the electric systems in the night time. The thing is that imagination is the limit in futuristic concepts. Energy production with green systems is a very interesting thing because there is always a risk of accidents. 

https://geekerhertz.com/article/uncovering-chinas-new-electric-plasma-jet-engine

https://interestingengineering.com/new-electric-jet-engine-actually-works-inside-the-atmosphere

https://www.theengineer.co.uk/plasma-jet-microwave-wuhan/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulsed_plasma_thruster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lockheed_U-2

Image 1) https://geekerhertz.com/article/uncovering-chinas-new-electric-plasma-jet-engine

https://likeinterstellartravelingandfuturism.blogspot.com/

Synthetic AI-controlled evolution and remote-controlled robots predicted in Stanislaw Lem's novel "Peace on Earth"

New artificial intelligence can develop itself by using Darwinian style evolution. When we think about autonomous synthetic AI-controlled evolution we must remember that modern computing systems are much more powerful than ever before. 

The new complicated AI-based algorithms can search things from the Internet. That allows them to develop themselves. And that thing can make those systems more powerful and more unpredictable than ever before. 

The model of AI-controlled evolution is not quite new. Stanislaw Lem's Novel "Peace on Earth" is one of the darkest predictions about robotics. The theme of that book is that the data networks that are out of control will start to develop new types of systems that are not under nobody's control. 

The novel is telling about a world where is peace. And the weapons are transported to the Moon. But there the systems that have artificial intelligence that can create the intelligent AI-controlled evolution that can create the systems that people cannot predict. And there is another thing that makes this novel very interesting. The thing is called "mixed reality". The "mixed reality" means the robots that are controlled through virtual reality or BCI (Brain-computer Interface). In that novel, those robots are part of everyday life. 

Those robots can use for remote sex. Or the controllers can use those robots as remote bank robbers. The new remote-controlling systems make it possible to use remote-controlled robots for surgical operations. They are planned to use as rescue operators or remote-controlled commando squads. But when robots are coming more common. They might get in the hands of outlaws. 

The AI-controlled machine evolution is possible to make by using existing technology. The combat systems are the easiest to use as an example for the products that are developed by using AI. 

There are three parts to this system. The names for those systems are taken from the novel "Peace on Earth". But before we are going to think about the model of that system. We must understand that the artificial intelligence-based development system can create two things separately or together. 

The AI can develop the physical system itself. Or it can develop the operations of the physical system. In that case, the system selects the most successful actions. In the case of combat drones, that thing can mean the longest operational time against the manned aircraft. Or it can develop them together. But the development system can consist of three different parts. 

1) The super simulator. The system creates virtual aircraft. Or some other system for making the simulated combat against the virtual enemy. 

2) The selective simulator. That simulator goes combat against that virtual system. If the super simulator loses the selective simulator will send the report to the super simulator that knows why its system loses. And then super simulator can make repairments for the product. 

3) The "judge". The system would search which system handles the situation best. Then the "judge" will send the winning model to the selective simulator. Then the super simulator will start to develop a system that can win the last model. So the systems are playing ball with the products. 

This system emulates human brains. And that thing makes it very effective especially if it uses quantum computers. 

That makes this kind of system very effective. Quantum computers can run complicated and heavy artificial intelligence tools. 

The super- and selective simulators are big brains. And the "judge" is the cerebellum. That system's purpose is to select the best of the products. 

The system can collect data from systems. And see what is best in the business. And use that data for making an even better system. 

The researchers are creating new and effective ways to control robots. And some of those methods are basing the cortex simulation. That means the user of the robots cannot make the difference of the robot's senses. Or the senses of the own body. Those systems can be the salvation. Or they can be the worst nightmare that mankind ever created. 

https://bigthink.com/the-present/automl/#Echobox=1646283803

https://techxplore.com/news/2022-03-human-robot-interaction-merging-reality-robotics.html

Supernova is one of the most violent phenomena in the universe.

Crab nebula or M-1 is one of the most well-known supernova remnants. (Wikipedia/Crab Nebula)

During the supernova explosion, the star pushes its outer core to space. In that case, the massive and powerful shockwave is starting to travel to space. When the extremely fast-moving particles are traveling in the universe they form a bubble. That is like an electromagnetic vacuum or WARP bubble. The reason for that effect is that those particles are pushing the wave movement ahead of them shorter. 

And the Doppler effect of those particles will move quantum fields around the star away. When there are holes in that Doppler bubble while the distance of those particles increases- Energy starts to travel inside the electromagnetic vacuum. And that energy is pressing the nucleus of the star to the form called a Black Hole or neutron star if the mass of the star is lower than three masses of the sun. 

The film is "The house in the middle". And you can see the direction where the effect is the most powerful. The vacuum causes more destruction than the pressure wall that goes out from ground zero. So there is the possibility that supernova could act similarly. 

At first, the shockwave from the explosion will push the visible and dark matter away from the star. But then the electromagnetic wave movement is starting to flow to that bubble because there is less energy than outside. Energy travels always to lower energy zone. 

So the idea for that model is taken from the films of a nuclear explosion. The outgoing shockwave is not so devastating as the vacuum that the nuclear explosion makes. And when we are thinking the supernovas they are like a massive nuclear explosion. When the fuel of the star is lost it starts to collapse. And during that process, gravitation pulls the star to its nucleus. And finally, the star explodes. 

That explosion causes an extremely powerful shockwave that causes the vacuum behind it. And the supernovas are also sending gravitational waves. So that shockwave can cause the situation that energy starts to travel in that bubble and that outcoming energy pushes the nucleus of the star to its entirety there are only neutrons, quarks, or the black hole. 

The last one has so powerful gravitational field that even light cannot escape from there. Because the escaping velocity from the black hole is higher than the speed of the light all particles from photons to neutrons are traveling at the same speed. But the question is does the positive or negative energy from the black hole after the supernova explosion?

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_hole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_star

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supernova

Image: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab_Nebula

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/

Could the Muon G-2 anomaly be caused by the impact between muon and dark matter?

 

Could the gravitational waves be the wave that travels in dark matter?

There just came one interesting thing in my mind about Muon G-2 experiments in Brookhaven, CERN, and Fermilab. Could the anomaly in the trajectory of muons cause the particles that travel in the particle accelerator to impact dark matter particles? 

The gravitational waves can be the key to dark matter. But the thing is that we always believe that gravitation is force or interaction. The idea of Great Unified Theory or GUT is that the gravitation as well as all other fundamental interactions are the same force. The origin of that force is in the middle of the quarks. And it travels through the quantum fields of the nucleus of the atoms and electron cores. 

But there is the possibility that the gravitational waves are the waves that are traveling in the dark matter. That means the gravitational wave would be similar like waves are in the water or some other visible material. But in that case, the waves are moving in the dark matter. Or they are energy that travels between particles of dark matter. 

The dark matter is not similar material with the visible material. There is the possibility that dark matter is some kind of wave movement or bites of superstrings. It is always possible. That dark matter is the medium between wave movement and particles. Or the size of the particles of dark matter is different as I sometimes suggest. 

There is the possibility that the form of axions would be roll or stick. And during the Big Bang, something affected the rotation of the axions and turned them into visible material. That means slowing the rotation would turn those particles ball-shaped. 

But there is a theory about the mysterious axion particles. Those theoretical particles could also form dark matter. But why we cannot see them. So what could be an axion? There is the possibility that the form of those hypothetical particles is elongated. That thing makes those particles invisible. 

There is a better version of the axion theory. That theory goes like this: axions are extremely fast-rotating particles. That have extremely large quantum fields. The extremely high rotation speed causes this phenomenon. 

And that thing means that the axions would be in the middle of their WARP-bubbles. That means the axion can rotate faster than other particles because there is no quantum friction. Without that friction, the axion would not send or receive electromagnetic wave movement itself. Quantum friction means the interaction between particle and electromagnetic wave movement. 

And this thing means that the axion would not interact itself. The interaction between hypothetical axions will happen through an oscillating quantum field of the WARP bubble. The electromagnetic vacuum bubble around those particles would just whip the wave moves away from axion. So the radiation that should stress axion would pass it like happens in the stealth fighters. That means there is no reflection of those particles. 

Axions, gravitons and dark matter

The gravitational waves can be the key to dark matter. And if the hypothetical axions are confirmed and they are forming dark matter. That thing makes it possible to create models of dark matter. The only known interaction between dark and visible material is gravitation. Dark matter is not the same thing as dark energy. Dark energy is a mysterious invisible wave movement that dominates the universe. 

But dark energy can have a connection with dark matter. Could the dark energy be the "dark version" of the cosmic background? That means the source of dark energy could be dark matter. So are the hypothetical axion particles the thing that forms the dark matter. 

When we are thinking about the origin of the gravitational waves they are the extreme particles and phenomena like neutron stars that are orbiting each other and black holes. But also things like supernovas are sending those gravitational waves. 

The reason why black holes and neutron stars that are orbiting each other send the gravitational waves is that those objects are extremely dense. So when the neutron stars are moving around each other those things could hit dark matter and send the wave of dark matter around the universe. 

When the supernova explodes or black hole will oscillate. That thing causes the extremely powerful electromagnetic wave that will act like an extremely powerful Doppler Effect. So that electromagnetic waves will push the dark matter. 

Same way when neutron stars are rotating the neutrons could push the hypothetical axions through the universe. When we are thinking about the direction of the gravitation we might think that thing can be the whirl in the dark matter. That means dark matter would push particles together like in regular vacuums. 

So that means the gravitation would be the case where dark matter is pushing the material to the point of the gravitational center. Or maybe that thing is the electromagnetic vacuum that makes objects move together. The gravitation can also be the particle-based thing that has also the wave movement form. 

In the theory of hypothetical graviton, the transporter particle of gravitation would follow wave-particle duality. The wave-particle duality means that the material has the forms of wave movement and particle. So the material would be like a yarn ball that can open to superstrings. The idea is that when graviton travels between objects they create the tunnels of electromagnetic vacuum, and that vacuum would be the gravitation. 

So could the source of the hypothetical gravitons be in the hypothetical axions? If we think that axions are fast-rotating particles that are elongated. That could mean that axions are the source of the gravitons. 

But confirming that thing requires confirmation of the existence of both of those particles. And that thing is not made yet. There is the possibility that the fast-rotating axions would be in the middle of their quantum bubbles. And that WARP bubble makes the interaction of those hypothetical particles impossible.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_energy

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_matter

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Unified_Theory

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_wave

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graviton

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muon_g-2

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_Model

https://thoughtsaboutsuperpositions.blogspot.com/