The dark matter models again.

"Dartmouth researchers propose that dark matter began as light-speed particles that suddenly gained mass through spin interactions and cooling. Their theory, inspired by superconductivity, outlines a testable model that could reveal dark matter’s imprint on the cosmic microwave background. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, How Speeding Particles Froze Into Darkness: A Cosmic Plot Twist Explains Dark Matter)

The new models of the dark matter are exciting. One of them is the so-called fast-spinning particle. Which is one of the most interesting models of the hypothetical weakly interacting massive particles, WIMPs, is that those particles formed in the Big Bang event, that is not very radical thing. The model of those particles is that they are high-speed particles that get mass when their speed slows. Or, there is a model called a local, fast-spinning particle. 

The idea is that the fast spin of the particle can turn the particle into a 2D plate. So how can this thing happen? When a particle closes the speed of light, it turns shorter. There is the possibility that when the particle starts to spin, it turns the movement's kinetic energy into the kinetic energy of rotation. There is the possibility that the particle just creates a vacuum around it. If a vacuum forms in its equator, it stretches that particle from its equator. 

The quantum fields from the particle's spin axle press it flat. So that energy is away from the particle's horizontal or normal movement. The movement energy or kinetic energy forms when the particle moves fast.  Or, a particle collects that energy from quantum fields when it travels across them. That energy can turn into a spin. And that energy that the particle uses to spin. Is away from its vertical and horizontal movement. 

When we think about the sombrero model, or Higgs field model the energy ditch surrounds all particles. The particle is visible only if it rises above the edge of the energy ditch. When a particle spins very fast. It can make a very wide energy ditch. If its spin is high enough, that particle can fall below the energy ditches or pothole's edge. The main problem is why the particle that collects or binds so much energy doesn't fill. 

In that case, the WIMP turns visible, because it will send wave movement. And that slows its spin's speed. Maybe, the particle aims energy that it collects from around it to the spin axle. 

The particle turns to act like a thermal pump. The particle collects and conducts energy from one point. If that exists, energy turns into a so thin spike that it's hard to see. The energy spike can also push energy out of its route into the structure that seems empty. 

The idea of those local fast-spinning particles is this. If a particle spins too fast it pulls the energy field against it with force that doesn't let the particle move horizontally or vertically. Or it can collect energy from around it and that makes a small vacuum or false vacuum around it. The fast spin that binds quantum field energy into kinetic energy. If that energy travels to the spin axle it turns similar to the relativistic beam. But that energy is much lower. 

In that model, the WIMP is a very fast-spinning particle that turns flat like a saucer. So if the particle spins very fast it can pull quantum fields inside it. When the particle starts to spin very fast, it collects energy from its spin axle. That energy presses the particle into the saucer-shaped structure. If that thing is true. Energy that flows out of particles in the point of superstrings pushes the quantum field away. So, energy can travel to that particle between those energy strings. Energy beams that those particles send nail them into the position where they are. 

https://scitechdaily.com/how-speeding-particles-froze-into-darkness-a-cosmic-plot-twist-explains-dark-matter/

The new way to solve 200 years old mathematical problems.

"A mathematician at UNSW Sydney has introduced a groundbreaking new approach to one of algebra’s oldest unsolved problems." (ScitechDaily, Researchers Solve “Impossible” Math Problem After 200 Years)

Researchers from Australia solved one of math's toughest problems. Normally we use Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abell's method to solve some complex polynomials. But those things always cause grey hair to mathematicians. 

Things like artificial intelligence are tools. That can be used to solve many problems. Things like third or higher-degree polynomials are problematic for computers and humans because those formulas are very complicated.

So, when we try to solve things like third or higher-class polynomial formulas we must realize that at least in some cases. 

When we try to solve things like fourth-degree polynomials, we must understand that this polynomial function includes two second-class polynomial functions, or we can divide that thing into one-third and one first-class polynomial function. In the same way, all polynomials involve an X-number of the second-class polynomes. And if the polynomial is uneven like a third or fifth-class polynomial it also involves one first-class polynomial. 

So: 

f(x) ax^4+bx^3+cx^2+dx+e

is 

(x^2+bx+c)*(x^2+bx+c)

or

(X^3+bx^2+cx+d)*(x+d)

Higher-degree polynomials are always the combinations of the first and second-class polynomials. The fifth class of polynomials involves two second-class, or second-degree polynomials and one first-class polynomial. 

So 

f(x) ax^5+bx^4+cx^3+dx^2+ex+f

involves 

(x^2+bx+c)*(x^2+bx+c)(x+c)

Two-second degrees and one first-degree polynomial. 

The sixth-degree polynomials involve three second-degree polynomials

f(x) ax^6+bx^5+cx^4+dx3+ex^2+fx+g

Can be divided into three second-class polynomials. 

(x^2+bx+c)*(x^2+bx+c)*(x^2+bx+c)

The seventh-degree polynomials involve 

Three second and one first-class polynomials. 

Etc...

https://scitechdaily.com/researchers-solve-impossible-math-problem-after-200-years/

AI: the illusion of consciousness.

We are facing an interesting problem. When we talk about consciousness.  We call certain actions and reactions consciousness. When somebody asks whom and what you are, we answer: "I'm "Jack", I'm male, and I'm a member of the human species". "Or I'm "Jill", female and a member of the human species".  Maybe, we can tell that we are engineers, researchers, teachers, etc. And that means that we can say that we understand who we are. Or is that thing so easy? 

The AI can answer that question like this: "I'm Gemini, or Bing, a Large language model. A large group of computer algorithms that can search information". That seems very impressive.

But we can actually make the voice file that this kind of question can activate. We can make multiple inputs that include the most common ways to ask "Who and what are you? ". There are multiple ways to ask questions about technical details, and one answer fits all.

But then we can ask: can the machine understand what it says? We can even teach 4-year-old kids to tell about things like DNA molecules. The idea is that those 4-year-old children can repeat worlds. They can learn complicated terms as words. But they will not understand the meaning of those words. In the same way, we can read almost any language in the world if we have descriptions of how to pronounce those words. The phonetic markings and written words are easy to say, but in that case, we don't know what that word means. 

The machine and consciousness are topics for interesting philosophical discussions. When we think about a machine that has consciousness we can ask how we can see that consciousness. If we think that consciousness is an ability to defend itself the AI can turn violent if somebody tries to shut it down. But then we can turn the computer dangerous even without the complicated AI. 

We can write a program that if the person tries to shut the computer, the computer must remove that person. There are two ways to make that thing. We can put the extra cover to protect the main power switch. And if somebody raises that cover that activates the removement program. The other way is harder. We must describe the situation where the person is going to shut the system down. That parameter can be that the voltage level goes too low. Then the system can turn to use backup power input. 

This thing doesn't make machines intelligent or conscious. The machine reacts to things that are programmed into its memories. The illusion of consciousness is the result of multiple algorithms or computer programs' cooperation. When programmers make the AI, or LLM, they create the computer program for every case that the system must respond to. The large number of reactions creates the illusion of consciousness. 

When we think about the algorithms and their complicated codes, we must realize that the computers don't think. They follow the direct line of the codes. The AI that uses the morphing neural networks can be effective. Only if it can follow multiple code lines at the same time. The neural network allows the system to drive multiple linear codes at the same time. The system can have multiple inputs and multiple connections. There it can combine information. The thing that makes a linear program an algorithm is this. The system can retake the program or event if there is no match in the answer. 

But the thing that makes this system effective is that: the AI will not retake the situation with the same program. The algorithms are like a bunch of programs that are sorted by their purpose. Those bunches or databases can involve algorithms that sort under topics like "social situations", "walking on streets", and "visiting shops". 

So if one of those programs does not give the right response, the AI selects another program. And the neural network allows it to run multiple programs. At the same time. 

The number of data-handling lines determines the effect of the system. The neural network allows the system to drive multiple variables side by side. And that makes the system effective. 

When we think about cases like 2001, A Space Odyssey where the fictional HAL9000 supercomputer kills almost the entire crew of the spacecraft, we can say that the little shortcut in the programmer's head can cause that kind of situation. The computer has orders to remove everything that risks the mission. 

And then it sees the case, that somebody slips the tool. That causes a situation in which HAL9000 thinks that the person who slips the tool is the risk and that it must be removed. The reason for the situation is that the programmer forgets to describe the risks and things that the system must remove. The system's logic is that the person who cannot make the mission 100% right is garbage. 

Things like AI or LLMs are complicated. Those things require training. The system requires a description of the garbage and the human should confirm every movement that the computer should do. If the computer does not have a valid description of the garbage. The problem is that the computer doesn't think. It follows its programs. 

If the robot has not got a description of important merchandise. And we order it to clean the office, it also removes furniture. The robot doesn't make any difference between furniture and dust. It thinks that all things in the office are garbage if the important merchandise is not described for the AI. That means the AI requires very accurate programming. The programmers must understand that one error in billions of code lines can cause failure in the AI. 

https://bigthink.com/neuropsych/the-illusion-of-conscious-ai/

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HAL_9000

Physics and consciousness.

Sometimes, when we open the net, we can read about things, like the intelligent universe and the quantum origin of consciousness. The last one is a sometimes misunderstood version of quantum calculations, where large neuron groups take part in some action. That means the brains use quantum calculations, but that is not about physics. 

The quantum calculation means that the system shares the mission with multiple subsystems. In human brains, neurons are the subsystems that send information between three layers. So, we can say that the brain cells and neurons play ping-pong with data or information. The diencephalon selects information that brains, or we think we need later. But that doesn't mean that this thing has something to do with physics. 

In human brains, neurons send information between each other using axons. Axons load information into the neurotransmitters that act as the chemical qubits. There is the possibility to create a system that mimics human brains by using advanced computers. The artificial neuron could be the ball that the microchip controls. Data travels between those balls through artificial axons. 

The axons can involve multiple quantum channels like nanotubes or optic fibers. When those quantum channels send data to each other, that system acts like a quantum computer. The number of activated quantum channels determines the state of the qubit. 

But then we can go to the imagination or idea of the intelligent cosmic structure. The idea is taken from Isaac Asimov's short novel "The Last Question" and the fictional supercomputer called "Multivac", which some people sometimes translate to "Multiple vacuums". That causes the idea that the qubits can be multiple internal false-vacuums or voids, and the void channels the wormholes can connect those things together. 

Those vacuums would form a bubble-shaped structure where internal electromagnetic fields control and route information. One of those models is the theoretical black hole network where the plasma bubbles around black holes form a quantum-computer-style system. And black hole's relativistic jets transport information between them. 

The idea is to form a model where gravitation can form intelligent structures. And of course, the intelligent universe theory creates the model where the entire universe acts like a giant computer, and we are part of that computer's thoughts or simulations. That is the so-called radical and expanded model of the Multivac. There are mysterious structures in the universe that we cannot just leave without notice. But the argument against the "Universe is a simulation" is "Who made that simulation, and what is that person's motive". 

In some SciFi novels, the simulated universe is created for training space travelers while they sleep in the cryostatic sleeping on space trips that take millenniums. In some models, those creatures would travel in interstellar space in the form of neurons. When the craft goes to the long-distance one-way space trip that crew dies. The system copies their memories and other things to artificial neurons. Those neurons can be clones of the traveler's neurons. Then the system loads those neurons into the culture medium. The system can create two or three neuron groups and when the last neuron group turns old system transfers the data from them into the next culture. 

When the craft arrives into Destiny the travelers will get their bodies back. The highly advanced biotechnology makes it possible to change DNA from the cell's nucleus. That allows the user to create the copy of the traveler. Then that traveler requires training and in that case, the system can use simulated reality and metaverse along with neuro-implants. Maybe that thing is possible in the future. 

Galaxies and galaxy clusters are part of the giant superstructure called "the cosmic web", or "cosmic neural network", because those structures look like the neural network. There are also giant plasma flows between galaxies and galaxy clusters. That thing formed a model where artificial neurons could be the plasma ball. 

The ball's shell controls the ion flow that travels in those tubes between the balls. The ions that travel in that ion flow are the neurotransmitters. The artificial axon is a bunch of quantum channels. By adjusting the position of the electric-, or magnetic points on the ball the system can adjust the ion flow and aim it into the right tube or ion channel. The microchip can control this system with a very high accuracy. 

https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/physics-consciousness/

https://futurism.com/physicist-gravity-computer-simulation. 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivac

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Last_Question

The new quantum gravity model takes us closer to the Theory of everything, TOE.

"A quantum theory of gravity would clear the path to answering some of the biggest questions in physics. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Gravity’s Quantum Secret: “Theory of Everything” Could Unite the Forces of Nature)

The question of the form of gravity is interesting. Gravity is the only known force that affects light. And that makes it special. Another thing is that gravity seems to have no pushing force. This is the thing that makes gravity interesting. If we think that all particles have gravity fields and all objects like planets are entireties of those particles that means that gravity fields are the sum of those particle's gravity fields. 

Every particle is the quantum dot or quantum gravity center. The reason why the Earth-size black hole has a stronger gravity field than Earth is that there are more quantum dots in the same size object than the planet. So, the black hole can form around the structure of the quantum dots that are very close or melted together. The thing that determines the power of gravity fields is the density of those quantum gravity dots. So, we can turn any object into a black hole by pushing those quantum gravity dots together. 

That means if we think about the Theory of everything, TOE, we can make the model where the distance of those quantum dots determines which of fundamental interactions, Strong- and weak nuclear forces, electromagnetism, or gravity be in case. We can make a model where the superstrings of the extremely thin energy tube travel through those quantum gravity points. Those strings could be extremely small wormholes can also be one of the reasons why gravity acts as it acts. If something goes and cuts those strings they start to pull those things through them. 

The idea of the wormholes is that they must be extremely long and that the energy that travels through them can keep them open. The extremely long wormhole makes things travel in time. The expansion of the universe makes the other end of that energy tube a so high-energy level that the future has a lower energy field that can pull information through it. The information flow must be so strong that the outside energy cannot press that energy tube together. 

Finnish researchers from Allto University made models that should connect quantum field theory and Einstein's theory of relativity. That thing is the great step to the Theory of Everything, TOE. This model is interesting and those researchers published that in their publishings. You can find that thing in the article that is lined below this text. One of the most interesting questions of the gravity and its special nature is this: 

Can there be two or maybe three forms of gravity? 

1) Gravity that has the field effect. In that case, gravity is the field that travels into the gravity center. The gravity center or spinning particles can bind those fields inside them. And that means the system rolls those fields inside them. The field is like a river that takes everything with it. 

2) Gravity might also have a wave effect. That means gravity waves can have the shape that makes objects fall to the gravity center. And if there is a step, or false vacuum before the bottom of the gravity wave that makes objects fall to the gravity center, like I just wrote. 

The idea is that the gravity waves are at lower energy levels or they are deeper if the observer goes closer to the gravity center. The reason for that can be a similar phenomenon with the false vacuum decay. Or the gravity wave can stretch which makes it lower. That tells why outcoming energy that tries to fill the gravity wave is like a ditch that pushes particles into the gravity center. 

There might be a limit. Or the increasing mass turns the gravity waves less dominant than the field. The small mass objects can send gravity waves, but when those object's mass is rising that field pulling turns more dominating. The high-mass object simply rotates or binds a quantum field around it like dough. But does that thing cause only because massive object sends gravity waves so often? 

The last model that we can mention is virtual gravity. In some versions things like electromagnetism cause the virtual gravity effect. But another version of the virtual gravity is the particle the upper side has a higher energy level than the bottom. If that particle starts to rotate like wing gear. That was used in some early steamships. The idea is that the particle gets energy from up. And if it rotates horizontally that thing forms the energy wave below the particle. That energy wave pushes that particle forward. 

https://scitechdaily.com/gravitys-quantum-secret-theory-of-everything-could-unite-the-forces-of-nature/

 

How to teach AI?

Morphing neural networks are very fast tools to drive advanced AI-based systems. Those complicated neural networks can involve thousands or even millions of microchips. That allows them to combine data from memory and sensors with extreme accuracy and speed. Teaching AI to operate in a real environment is a complicated process. And the thing is that the morphing neural networks allow the network to drive multiple missions at the same time. 

How to teach AI? Computer memory and microchips are interesting tools. They are very accurate, and that sometimes makes AI training very complicated. If we want to make an AI that recognizes humans, we are in trouble. If we want to make an AI that recognizes certain people like some famous actor, like Tom Cruise, we can make that thing quite easily. We must just have images that are from all angles. Or we must ask that person to put their head into some certain position. Then the system can compile pixels that the CCD camera inputs into the system with images that are in the system memories. In the first case, the neural network can give fast recognition if all the CCD pixels can give an individual data input to the neural network. The system compiles all images that are in the computer's memory and then the system can say, that the person is Tom Cruise.

 If the system can compile all images that are taken from around the faces from different angles. That system makes recognition very fast. But then we face the problem: we know that all people are not Tom Cruises. We must start to globalize face and body images to computers so that they can tell that they see humans. So we must take one step back when we want to recognize that an object is human. 

*******************************

When the computer turns a certain person's image to match with species. Or globalize that image with humans as a species the system must remove accuracy.  That means it must remove pixels or replace them with grey pixels and then it can compile that silhouette with a silhouette that is stored in its memory. 

*******************************'

Normally we recognize persons in certain series. At first, we see characters and then we recognize that character is human, and then after a couple of steps, we recognize that person. But then we must make the AI that recognizes humans and their gender. That means we take a couple of steps back from the individual to global things. We must realize that there must be some common things, the lowest common denominator that we must find in people, is that it recognizes humans as a species. That thing is called fuzzy logic. In precise logic, we must put every person's image on this planet to AI. 

That system gives the personal data of every person that it sees. But that kind of thing makes the system heavy and slow. Precise logic is sometimes easy to cheat. Simply changing glasses is sometimes enough to cheat the systems that use precise logic. There are systems. That must not completely see the match to make an alarm. In those systems certain percentage of the matching pixels causes alarm. There is the possibility that when the computer recognizes only humans it takes images of humans, and then it removes details. When it removes pixels the system combines the image with silhouettes. That is stored in its memories. 

https://www.quantamagazine.org/how-can-ai-id-a-cat-an-illustrated-guide-20250430/

What makes the fusion system fail again and again?

"As scientists push toward the first commercial fusion power plant, researchers from the University of Surrey have achieved a major breakthrough in understanding how welded metal joints behave under the intense heat and stress found inside fusion reactors. Their novel microscopic technique reveals internal weaknesses that could compromise safety and longevity, paving the way for smarter designs, more resilient materials, and faster development of clean fusion energy systems. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Fusion Breakthrough: Engineers Uncover Hidden Reactor Weaknesses)

What makes the fusion system fail again and again? Fusion is a well-known way to create clean energy. Stars use fusion. And we know that in the same way, we must only mimic stars to make the fusion reactor that produces more energy than we pump into it. But somehow, the high-temperature plasma is the thing. That is a problem. 

The plasma is a homogenous ionized gas that the magnetic systems push together and then laser systems just shoot those ions together. In the fusion system on Earth, the system must compensate for pressure by rising temperature. The magnets must keep the plasma ring away from the walls of the reactor. If that high-energy plasma touches the reactor's wall it makes a hole in it immediately. 

By using symmetry theory instead of the slower and less reliable conventional methods, researchers have created a shortcut that enables the design of leak-proof magnetic systems 10 times faster.

There are mainly two types of fusion reactors. 

A) Tokamak-type reactors. There a plasma ring orbits in the donut-shaped accelerator. Magnets keep the plasma away from the walls.

B) The ball-shaped reactors like the National Ignition Facility. Those systems mimic stars. 

"Researchers cracked a 70-year-old fusion problem, allowing faster, more accurate reactor designs that could finally make fusion energy viable. Credit: SciTechDaily.com" (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack 70-Year Fusion Puzzle, Paving Way for Clean Energy)

Scientists have developed a powerful new technique to overcome a major obstacle in nuclear fusion energy: the ability to accurately contain high-energy particles within fusion reactors." (ScitechDaily, Scientists Crack 70-Year Fusion Puzzle, Paving Way for Clean Energy)

The main problem with fusion is the ignition. When fusion starts that flash breaks the plasma. The answer can be symmetrical ignition where laser-accelerated ions will shoot to anion plasma. Or oppositely if the main plasma structure is ion the system sprays anions. The ignition must happen symmetrically at the shell of the plasma. 

And there must be some kind of thermal pump that denies the standing wave from the plasma structure. If we think that the system that we use for energy production is the Tokamak the system can mimic a neutron star or black hole. The plasma ring orbits the magnet and then anions will spay over the ion ring. The energy or particle beam makes energy travel to the middle of the system. And it denies the standing wave formation. By transporting it in the wanted direction. 

The image portrays a black hole and its material disk. But it also could be the model of how plasma orbits the magnetic center in the Tokamak reactor. 

The system might look a little bit like this. The laser-, or, particle beam, or thermal pump transports energy out from the system precisely into the desired direction. The system sends an anion spray over the ion plasma ring. 

When a fusion reactor ignites plasma sends so much energy that magnets cannot control it. So, if we want to know why stars don't detonate when the fusion starts that thing can open the road to the fusion reactors. Stars are also plasma balls. There is something that presses them together when the fusion starts. That thing is gravity, but how can we make the thing, that replaces gravity center on Earth? 

The answer can be the energy transporter the cooler that makes the low-energy point in the middle of the fusion reactor. That makes energy flow to the middle of the system. If the system is a ball-shaped fusion reactor the system can create an anion plasma ball. And then shoot that plasma ball symmetrically using high-energy ions or anions.  

That thing can cause a situation in the fusion reaction that starts at the plasma ball shell. There can be a laser beam. That transports energy out from the center of that plasma ball. That laser or particle beam denies the standing waves from the plasma. But the problem is how to make that thing in Tokamak.

 One version is to make a system that mimics neutron stars and black holes. The plasma ring orbits an extremely strong magnet. Then the system sends the ion or anion spray to that plasma ring. That allows the system to ignite plasma at the outer side of the plasma ring. The ignition must begin symmetrically at the plasma ring. The energy (or particle) beam in the middle of the system, helps to aim the energy flow to the middle of the Tokamak reactor. That kind of system can someday make commercial fusion systems possible. 

https://scitechdaily.com/fusion-breakthrough-engineers-uncover-hidden-reactor-weaknesses/

https://scitechdaily.com/scientists-crack-70-year-fusion-puzzle-paving-way-for-clean-energy/