"This image of galaxy GS-NDG-9422, captured by the James Webb Space Telescope’s NIRCam (Near-Infrared Camera) instrument, is presented with compass arrows, scale bar, and color key for reference."(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)
"This image shows near-infrared wavelengths of light that have been translated into visible-light colors. The color key shows which filters were used when collecting the light. The color of each filter name is the visible light color used to represent the infrared light that passes through that filter. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI, Alex Cameron (Oxford)"(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)
The problem with models of how the first star is born is this. The firstborn stars require a gravity center or the quantum dot that can collect material from around them. The gravity centers are things that collect material around them. In some models there formed helium atoms in the hydrogen nebula.
But helium requires nuclear fusion. And nuclear fusion can happen only in stars or black hole transition disks. In the young universe, there were no stars or radiation sources, except hypothetical black holes, which means there is the possibility that the hydrogen anion pulls hydrogen ions into it.
And that can form the helium. It's possible. That some helium atoms could form before stars in spontaneous impacts between hydrogen ions and anions. But it's possible. The black hole's transition disks formed the first helium atoms. And then those heavier atoms that sometimes leave out from the transition disk. In that model, the helium started to form the first stars.
The problem with this model is that the entire material in the universe was hydrogen, protons, and free electrons. Then some electrons impact with protons and form the neutron. Hydrogen was neutral atoms and protons as hydrogen ions. If a homogenous hydrogen cloud starts to turn into stars, it's possible that the entire nebula falls into one point, and forms a black hole.
There must be mass centers around the universe, or the hydrogen should be as nebulas. If hydrogen were homogenously spread around the universe, that could cause a situation in which the entire material in the universe falls into one point and turns into a black hole. The question is always been, what came first: black holes or stars? If we think that hydrogen was in the form of the giant nebulas in the young universe. That means something broke the structure.
The formation of the first stars doesn't require black holes. There must be only thicker points in the material. In that case, the Schwinger effect was more powerful in some places than in some other places.
"This comparison of the data collected by the James Webb Space Telescope with a computer model prediction highlights the same sloping feature that first caught the eye of astronomer Alex Cameron, lead researcher of a new study published in Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society." (ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)
"The bottom graphic compares what astronomers would expect to see in a “typical” galaxy, with its light coming predominantly from stars (white line), with a theoretical model of light coming from hot nebular gas, outshining stars (yellow line). The model comes from Cameron’s collaborator, theoretical astronomer Harley Katz, and together they realized the similarities between the model and Cameron’s Webb observations of galaxy GS-NDG-9422 (top). The unusual downturn of the galaxy’s spectrum, leading to an exaggerated spike in neutral hydrogen, is nearly a perfect match to Katz’s model of a spectrum dominated by super-heated gas." (ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)
"While this is still only one example, Cameron, Katz, and their fellow researchers think the conclusion that galaxy GS-NDG-9422 is dominated by nebular light, rather than starlight, is their strongest jumping-off point for future investigation. They are looking for more galaxies around the same one-billion-year mark in the universe’s history, hoping to find more examples of a new type of galaxy, a missing link in the history of galactic evolution. Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI)"
(ScitechDaily, Webb’s Unprecedented Discovery: Potential Missing Link to First Stars in the Universe)
Did the matter-antimatter annihilation start the interference, that started the black hole or star formation?
In those theories, the first black holes were some kind of Kugelblitz black holes. Those hypothetical black holes form straight from radiation. There is also the possibility that large hydrogen clouds or nebulas start to fall because of gravity. Then those nebulas formed the first black holes.
The existence of those primordial nebulas means that the structure of the material in a young universe was not homogenous. There was more hydrogen in some places than in others. Or maybe, there was antimatter, that annihilated with material. That annihilation reaction can form the shockwave, that can start the star formation in a hydrogen cloud.
Another problem is this: were stars or galaxies first? In some models, galaxies started to form around the large-mass black holes. Then interference in that gas starts the star formation. The question is this: where do the first black holes come from if they are formed stars? Were they Kugelblitz black holes that were possible in the time before material? The other version is that they formed in thicker points of the hydrogen in the early universe.
Or somewhere between those things. Protons and electrons could also form black holes before the material was formed. In some models, something raises the energy level in quantum dots that send waves around the universe. Then those waves formed the first particles. In the history of the universe was the stage where material was in neutral form. Those were the "dark ages".
During that time, something put the same number of electrons and protons around each atom. The interesting question is: were there other elements than hydrogen? Those other, heavier elements could form around primordial black holes. In that model, reionization happened because of radiation that comes from those black holes and their material disk. Or maybe that interference happened because of antimatter annihilation in the young universe.
Maybe the primordial black holes formed in the "dark ages" when the material was not ionized yet. Then reionization formed particles that could form chemical bonds. The fact is that. Without reionization, we would have no chemical compounds.
https://scitechdaily.com/webbs-unprecedented-discovery-potential-missing-link-to-first-stars-in-the-universe/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chronology_of_the_universe
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kugelblitz_(astrophysics)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reionization
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